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/*
* OpenVPN -- An application to securely tunnel IP networks
* over a single TCP/UDP port, with support for SSL/TLS-based
* session authentication and key exchange,
* packet encryption, packet authentication, and
* packet compression.
*
* Copyright (C) 2010 Fox Crypto B.V. <openvpn@fox-it.com>
*
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2
* as published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program (see the file COPYING included with this
* distribution); if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
* 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
*/
/**
* @file
* Key generation documentation file.
*/
/**
* @page key_generation Data channel %key generation
*
* This section describes how OpenVPN peers generate and exchange %key
* material necessary for the security operations performed on data
* channel packets.
*
* The %key generation and exchange process between OpenVPN client and
* server occurs every time data channel security parameters are
* negotiated, for example during the initial setup of a VPN tunnel or
* when the active security parameters expire. In source code terms, this
* is when a new key_state structure is initialized.
*
* @section key_generation_method Key methods
*
* OpenVPN supports two different ways of generating and exchanging %key
* material between client and server. These are known as %key method 1
* and %key method 2. %Key method 2 is the recommended method. Both are
* explained below.
*
* @subsection key_generation_method_1 Key method 1
*
* -# Each host generates its own random material.
* -# Each host uses its locally generated random material as %key data
* for encrypting and signing packets sent to the remote peer.
* -# Each host then sends its random material to the remote peer, so that
* the remote peer can use that %key data for authenticating and
* decrypting received packets.
*
* @subsection key_generation_method_2 Key method 2
*
* -# The client generates random material in the following amounts:
* - Pre-master secret: 48 bytes
* - Client's PRF seed for master secret: 32 bytes
* - Client's PRF seed for %key expansion: 32 bytes
* -# The client sends its share of random material to the server.
* -# The server generates random material in the following amounts:
* - Server's PRF seed for master secret: 32 bytes
* - Server's PRF seed for %key expansion: 32 bytes
* -# The server computes the %key expansion using its own and the
* client's random material.
* -# The server sends its share of random material to the client.
* -# The client computes the %key expansion using its own and the
* server's random material.
*
* %Key method 2 %key expansion is performed by the \c
* generate_key_expansion() function. Please refer to its source code for
* details of the %key expansion process.
*
* @subsection key_generation_random Source of random material
*
* OpenVPN uses the either the OpenSSL library or the PolarSSL library as its
* source of random material.
*
* In OpenSSL, the \c RAND_bytes() function is called
* to supply cryptographically strong pseudo-random data. The following links
* contain more information on this subject:
* - For OpenSSL's \c RAND_bytes() function:
* http://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/RAND_bytes.html
* - For OpenSSL's pseudo-random number generating system:
* http://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/rand.html
* - For OpenSSL's support for external crypto modules:
* http://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/engine.html
*
* In PolarSSL, the Havege random number generator is used. For details, see
* the PolarSSL documentation.
*
* @section key_generation_exchange Key exchange:
*
* The %key exchange process is initiated by the OpenVPN process running
* in client mode. After the initial three-way handshake has successfully
* completed, the client sends its share of random material to the server,
* after which the server responds with its part. This process is
* depicted below:
*
@verbatim
Client Client Server Server
State Action Action State
---------- -------------------- -------------------- ----------
... waiting until three-way handshake complete ...
S_START S_START
key_method_?_write()
send to server --> --> --> --> receive from client
S_SENT_KEY key_method_?_read()
S_GOT_KEY
key_method_?_write()
receive from server <-- <-- <-- <-- send to client
key_method_?_read() S_SENT_KEY
S_GOT_KEY
... waiting until control channel fully synchronized ...
S_ACTIVE S_ACTIVE
@endverbatim
*
* For more information about the client and server state values, see the
* \link control_processor Control Channel Processor module\endlink.
*
* Depending on which %key method is used, the \c ? in the function names
* of the diagram above is a \c 1 or a \c 2. For example, if %key method
* 2 is used, that %key exchange would be started by the client calling \c
* key_method_2_write(). These functions are called from the \link
* control_processor Control Channel Processor module's\endlink \c
* tls_process() function and control the %key generation and exchange
* process as follows:
* - %Key method 1:
* - \c key_method_1_write(): generate random material locally, and load
* as "sending" keys.
* - \c key_method_1_read(): read random material received from remote
* peer, and load as "receiving" keys.
* - %Key method 2:
* - \c key_method_2_write(): generate random material locally, and if
* in server mode generate %key expansion.
* - \c key_method_2_read(): read random material received from remote
* peer, and if in client mode generate %key expansion.
*
* @subsection key_generation_encapsulation Transmission of key material
*
* The OpenVPN client and server communicate with each other through their
* control channel. This means that all of the data transmitted over the
* network, such as random material for %key generation, is encapsulated
* in a TLS layer. For more details, see the \link control_tls Control
* Channel TLS module\endlink documentation.
*/
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