Split client and server in two different packages and refactor.

34 files changed, 12950 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/__init__.py b/soledad/src/leap/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f48ad105
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# See http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/setuptools#namespace-packages
+try:
+    __import__('pkg_resources').declare_namespace(__name__)
+except ImportError:
+    from pkgutil import extend_path
+    __path__ = extend_path(__path__, __name__)
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/__init__.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e1155f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1100 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# __init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013 LEAP
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+"""
+Soledad - Synchronization Of Locally Encrypted Data Among Devices.
+
+Soledad is the part of LEAP that manages storage and synchronization of
+application data. It is built on top of U1DB reference Python API and
+implements (1) a SQLCipher backend for local storage in the client, (2) a
+SyncTarget that encrypts data before syncing, and (3) a CouchDB backend for
+remote storage in the server side.
+"""
+
+import os
+import string
+import binascii
+import logging
+import urlparse
+import simplejson as json
+import scrypt
+import httplib
+import socket
+import ssl
+import errno
+
+
+from xdg import BaseDirectory
+from hashlib import sha256
+from u1db.remote import http_client
+from u1db.remote.ssl_match_hostname import (  # noqa
+    CertificateError,
+    match_hostname,
+)
+
+
+#
+# Assert functions
+#
+
+def soledad_assert(condition, message):
+    """
+    Asserts the condition and displays the message if that's not
+    met.
+
+    @param condition: condition to check
+    @type condition: bool
+    @param message: message to display if the condition isn't met
+    @type message: str
+    """
+    assert condition, message
+
+
+# we want to use leap.common.check.leap_assert in case it is available,
+# because it also logs in a way other parts of leap can access log messages.
+try:
+    from leap.common.check import leap_assert
+    soledad_assert = leap_assert
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+def soledad_assert_type(var, expectedType):
+    """
+    Helper assert check for a variable's expected type
+
+    @param var: variable to check
+    @type var: any
+    @param expectedType: type to check agains
+    @type expectedType: type
+    """
+    soledad_assert(isinstance(var, expectedType),
+                   "Expected type %r instead of %r" %
+                   (expectedType, type(var)))
+
+try:
+    from leap.common.check import leap_assert_type
+    soledad_assert_type = leap_assert_type
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+#
+# Signaling function
+#
+
+# we define a fake signaling function and fake signal constants that will
+# allow for logging signaling attempts in case leap.common.events is not
+# available.
+
+def signal(signal, content=""):
+    logger.info("Would signal: %s - %s." % (str(signal), content))
+
+SOLEDAD_CREATING_KEYS = 'Creating keys...'
+SOLEDAD_DONE_CREATING_KEYS = 'Done creating keys.'
+SOLEDAD_DOWNLOADING_KEYS = 'Downloading keys...'
+SOLEDAD_DONE_DOWNLOADING_KEYS = 'Done downloading keys.'
+SOLEDAD_UPLOADING_KEYS = 'Uploading keys...'
+SOLEDAD_DONE_UPLOADING_KEYS = 'Done uploading keys.'
+SOLEDAD_NEW_DATA_TO_SYNC = 'New data available.'
+SOLEDAD_DONE_DATA_SYNC = 'Done data sync.'
+
+# we want to use leap.common.events to emits signals, if it is available.
+try:
+    from leap.common import events
+    # replace fake signaling function with real one
+    signal = events.signal
+    # replace fake string signals with real signals
+    SOLEDAD_CREATING_KEYS = events.events_pb2.SOLEDAD_CREATING_KEYS
+    SOLEDAD_DONE_CREATING_KEYS = events.events_pb2.SOLEDAD_DONE_CREATING_KEYS
+    SOLEDAD_DOWNLOADING_KEYS = events.events_pb2.SOLEDAD_DOWNLOADING_KEYS
+    SOLEDAD_DONE_DOWNLOADING_KEYS = \
+        events.events_pb2.SOLEDAD_DONE_DOWNLOADING_KEYS
+    SOLEDAD_UPLOADING_KEYS = events.events_pb2.SOLEDAD_UPLOADING_KEYS
+    SOLEDAD_DONE_UPLOADING_KEYS = \
+        events.events_pb2.SOLEDAD_DONE_UPLOADING_KEYS
+    SOLEDAD_NEW_DATA_TO_SYNC = events.events_pb2.SOLEDAD_NEW_DATA_TO_SYNC
+    SOLEDAD_DONE_DATA_SYNC = events.events_pb2.SOLEDAD_DONE_DATA_SYNC
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+from leap.soledad.document import SoledadDocument
+from leap.soledad.sqlcipher import (
+    open as sqlcipher_open,
+    SQLCipherDatabase,
+)
+from leap.soledad.target import SoledadSyncTarget
+from leap.soledad.shared_db import SoledadSharedDatabase
+from leap.soledad.crypto import SoledadCrypto
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(name=__name__)
+
+
+#
+# Constants
+#
+
+SOLEDAD_CERT = None
+"""
+Path to the certificate file used to certify the SSL connection between
+Soledad client and server.
+"""
+
+SECRETS_DOC_ID_HASH_PREFIX = 'uuid-'
+
+
+#
+# Soledad: local encrypted storage and remote encrypted sync.
+#
+
+class Soledad(object):
+    """
+    Soledad provides encrypted data storage and sync.
+
+    A Soledad instance is used to store and retrieve data in a local encrypted
+    database and synchronize this database with Soledad server.
+
+    This class is also responsible for bootstrapping users' account by
+    creating cryptographic secrets and/or storing/fetching them on Soledad
+    server.
+
+    Soledad uses C{leap.common.events} to signal events. The possible events
+    to be signaled are:
+
+        SOLEDAD_CREATING_KEYS: emitted during bootstrap sequence when key
+            generation starts.
+        SOLEDAD_DONE_CREATING_KEYS: emitted during bootstrap sequence when key
+            generation finishes.
+        SOLEDAD_UPLOADING_KEYS: emitted during bootstrap sequence when soledad
+            starts sending keys to server.
+        SOLEDAD_DONE_UPLOADING_KEYS: emitted during bootstrap sequence when
+            soledad finishes sending keys to server.
+        SOLEDAD_DOWNLOADING_KEYS: emitted during bootstrap sequence when
+            soledad starts to retrieve keys from server.
+        SOLEDAD_DONE_DOWNLOADING_KEYS: emitted during bootstrap sequence when
+            soledad finishes downloading keys from server.
+        SOLEDAD_NEW_DATA_TO_SYNC: emitted upon call to C{need_sync()} when
+          there's indeed new data to be synchronized between local database
+          replica and server's replica.
+        SOLEDAD_DONE_DATA_SYNC: emitted inside C{sync()} method when it has
+            finished synchronizing with remote replica.
+    """
+
+    LOCAL_DATABASE_FILE_NAME = 'soledad.u1db'
+    """
+    The name of the local SQLCipher U1DB database file.
+    """
+
+    STORAGE_SECRETS_FILE_NAME = "soledad.json"
+    """
+    The name of the file where the storage secrets will be stored.
+    """
+
+    GENERATED_SECRET_LENGTH = 1024
+    """
+    The length of the generated secret used to derive keys for symmetric
+    encryption for local and remote storage.
+    """
+
+    LOCAL_STORAGE_SECRET_LENGTH = 512
+    """
+    The length of the secret used to derive a passphrase for the SQLCipher
+    database.
+    """
+
+    REMOTE_STORAGE_SECRET_LENGTH = \
+        GENERATED_SECRET_LENGTH - LOCAL_STORAGE_SECRET_LENGTH
+    """
+    The length of the secret used to derive an encryption key and a MAC auth
+    key for remote storage.
+    """
+
+    SALT_LENGTH = 64
+    """
+    The length of the salt used to derive the key for the storage secret
+    encryption.
+    """
+
+    IV_SEPARATOR = ":"
+    """
+    A separator used for storing the encryption initial value prepended to the
+    ciphertext.
+    """
+
+    UUID_KEY = 'uuid'
+    STORAGE_SECRETS_KEY = 'storage_secrets'
+    SECRET_KEY = 'secret'
+    CIPHER_KEY = 'cipher'
+    LENGTH_KEY = 'length'
+    KDF_KEY = 'kdf'
+    KDF_SALT_KEY = 'kdf_salt'
+    KDF_LENGTH_KEY = 'kdf_length'
+    """
+    Keys used to access storage secrets in recovery documents.
+    """
+
+    DEFAULT_PREFIX = os.path.join(
+        BaseDirectory.xdg_config_home,
+        'leap', 'soledad')
+    """
+    Prefix for default values for path.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, uuid, passphrase, secrets_path, local_db_path,
+                 server_url, cert_file, auth_token=None, secret_id=None):
+        """
+        Initialize configuration, cryptographic keys and dbs.
+
+        @param uuid: User's uuid.
+        @type uuid: str
+        @param passphrase: The passphrase for locking and unlocking encryption
+            secrets for local and remote storage.
+        @type passphrase: str
+        @param secrets_path: Path for storing encrypted key used for
+            symmetric encryption.
+        @type secrets_path: str
+        @param local_db_path: Path for local encrypted storage db.
+        @type local_db_path: str
+        @param server_url: URL for Soledad server. This is used either to sync
+            with the user's remote db and to interact with the shared recovery
+            database.
+        @type server_url: str
+        @param cert_file: Path to the SSL certificate to use in the
+            connection to the server_url.
+        @type cert_file: str
+        @param auth_token: Authorization token for accessing remote databases.
+        @type auth_token: str
+        """
+        # get config params
+        self._uuid = uuid
+        self._passphrase = passphrase
+        # init crypto variables
+        self._secrets = {}
+        self._secret_id = secret_id
+        # init config (possibly with default values)
+        self._init_config(secrets_path, local_db_path, server_url)
+        self._set_token(auth_token)
+        # configure SSL certificate
+        global SOLEDAD_CERT
+        SOLEDAD_CERT = cert_file
+        # initiate bootstrap sequence
+        self._bootstrap()
+
+    def _init_config(self, secrets_path, local_db_path, server_url):
+        """
+        Initialize configuration using default values for missing params.
+        """
+        # initialize secrets_path
+        self._secrets_path = secrets_path
+        if self._secrets_path is None:
+            self._secrets_path = os.path.join(
+                self.DEFAULT_PREFIX, self.STORAGE_SECRETS_FILE_NAME)
+        # initialize local_db_path
+        self._local_db_path = local_db_path
+        if self._local_db_path is None:
+            self._local_db_path = os.path.join(
+                self.DEFAULT_PREFIX, self.LOCAL_DATABASE_FILE_NAME)
+        # initialize server_url
+        self._server_url = server_url
+        soledad_assert(
+            self._server_url is not None,
+            'Missing URL for Soledad server.')
+
+    #
+    # initialization/destruction methods
+    #
+
+    def _bootstrap(self):
+        """
+        Bootstrap local Soledad instance.
+
+        Soledad Client bootstrap is the following sequence of stages:
+
+        * stage 0 - local environment setup.
+            - directory initialization.
+            - crypto submodule initialization
+        * stage 1 - secret generation/loading:
+            - if secrets exist locally, load them.
+            - else, if secrets exist in server, download them.
+            - else, generate a new secret.
+        * stage 2 - store secrets in server.
+        * stage 3 - database initialization.
+
+        This method decides which bootstrap stages have already been performed
+        and performs the missing ones in order.
+        """
+        # TODO: make sure key storage always happens (even if this method is
+        #       interrupted).
+        # TODO: write tests for bootstrap stages.
+        # TODO: log each bootstrap step.
+        # stage 0  - socal environment setup
+        self._init_dirs()
+        self._crypto = SoledadCrypto(self)
+        # stage 1 - secret generation/loading
+        if not self._has_secret():  # try to load from local storage.
+            logger.info(
+                'Trying to fetch cryptographic secrets from shared recovery '
+                'database...')
+            # there are no secrets in local storage, so try to fetch encrypted
+            # secrets from server.
+            doc = self._get_secrets_from_shared_db()
+            if doc:
+                # found secrets in server, so import them.
+                logger.info(
+                    'Found cryptographic secrets in shared recovery '
+                    'database.')
+                self.import_recovery_document(doc.content)
+            else:
+                # there are no secrets in server also, so generate a secret.
+                logger.info(
+                    'No cryptographic secrets found, creating new secrets...')
+                self._set_secret_id(self._gen_secret())
+        # Stage 2 - storage of encrypted secrets in the server.
+        self._put_secrets_in_shared_db()
+        # Stage 3 - Local database initialization
+        self._init_db()
+
+    def _init_dirs(self):
+        """
+        Create work directories.
+
+        @raise OSError: in case file exists and is not a dir.
+        """
+        paths = map(
+            lambda x: os.path.dirname(x),
+            [self._local_db_path, self._secrets_path])
+        for path in paths:
+            logger.info('Creating directory: %s.' % path)
+            try:
+                os.makedirs(path)
+            except OSError as exc:
+                if exc.errno == errno.EEXIST and os.path.isdir(path):
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    raise
+
+    def _init_db(self):
+        """
+        Initialize the U1DB SQLCipher database for local storage.
+
+        Currently, Soledad uses the default SQLCipher cipher, i.e.
+        'aes-256-cbc'. We use scrypt to derive a 256-bit encryption key and
+        uses the 'raw PRAGMA key' format to handle the key to SQLCipher.
+
+        The first C{self.REMOTE_STORAGE_SECRET_LENGTH} bytes of the storage
+        secret are used for remote storage encryption. We use the next
+        C{self.LOCAL_STORAGE_SECRET} bytes to derive a key for local storage.
+        From these bytes, the first C{self.SALT_LENGTH} are used as the salt
+        and the rest as the password for the scrypt hashing.
+        """
+        # salt indexes
+        salt_start = self.REMOTE_STORAGE_SECRET_LENGTH
+        salt_end = salt_start + self.SALT_LENGTH
+        # password indexes
+        pwd_start = salt_end
+        pwd_end = salt_start + self.LOCAL_STORAGE_SECRET_LENGTH
+        # calculate the key for local encryption
+        secret = self._get_storage_secret()
+        key = scrypt.hash(
+            secret[pwd_start:pwd_end],  # the password
+            secret[salt_start:salt_end],  # the salt
+            buflen=32,  # we need a key with 256 bits (32 bytes)
+        )
+        self._db = sqlcipher_open(
+            self._local_db_path,
+            binascii.b2a_hex(key),  # sqlcipher only accepts the hex version
+            create=True,
+            document_factory=SoledadDocument,
+            crypto=self._crypto,
+            raw_key=True)
+
+    def close(self):
+        """
+        Close underlying U1DB database.
+        """
+        if hasattr(self, '_db') and isinstance(
+                self._db,
+                SQLCipherDatabase):
+            self._db.close()
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        """
+        Make sure local database is closed when object is destroyed.
+        """
+        self.close()
+
+    #
+    # Management of secret for symmetric encryption.
+    #
+
+    def _get_storage_secret(self):
+        """
+        Return the storage secret.
+
+        Storage secret is encrypted before being stored. This method decrypts
+        and returns the stored secret.
+
+        @return: The storage secret.
+        @rtype: str
+        """
+        # calculate the encryption key
+        key = scrypt.hash(
+            self._passphrase,
+            # the salt is stored base64 encoded
+            binascii.a2b_base64(
+                self._secrets[self._secret_id][self.KDF_SALT_KEY]),
+            buflen=32,  # we need a key with 256 bits (32 bytes).
+        )
+        # recover the initial value and ciphertext
+        iv, ciphertext = self._secrets[self._secret_id][self.SECRET_KEY].split(
+            self.IV_SEPARATOR, 1)
+        ciphertext = binascii.a2b_base64(ciphertext)
+        return self._crypto.decrypt_sym(ciphertext, key, iv=iv)
+
+    def _set_secret_id(self, secret_id):
+        """
+        Define the id of the storage secret to be used.
+
+        This method will also replace the secret in the crypto object.
+        """
+        self._secret_id = secret_id
+
+    def _load_secrets(self):
+        """
+        Load storage secrets from local file.
+
+        The content of the file has the following format:
+
+            {
+                "storage_secrets": {
+                    "<secret_id>": {
+                        'kdf': 'scrypt',
+                        'kdf_salt': '<b64 repr of salt>'
+                        'kdf_length': <key length>
+                        "cipher": "aes256",
+                        "length": <secret length>,
+                        "secret": "<encrypted storage_secret 1>",
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        """
+        # does the file exist in disk?
+        if not os.path.isfile(self._secrets_path):
+            raise IOError('File does not exist: %s' % self._secrets_path)
+        # read storage secrets from file
+        content = None
+        with open(self._secrets_path, 'r') as f:
+            content = json.loads(f.read())
+        self._secrets = content[self.STORAGE_SECRETS_KEY]
+        # choose first secret if no secret_id was given
+        if self._secret_id is None:
+            self._set_secret_id(self._secrets.items()[0][0])
+
+    def _has_secret(self):
+        """
+        Return whether there is a storage secret available for use or not.
+
+        @return: Whether there's a storage secret for symmetric encryption.
+        @rtype: bool
+        """
+        if self._secret_id is None or self._secret_id not in self._secrets:
+            try:
+                self._load_secrets()  # try to load from disk
+            except IOError, e:
+                logger.error('IOError: %s' % str(e))
+        try:
+            self._get_storage_secret()
+            return True
+        except:
+            return False
+
+    def _gen_secret(self):
+        """
+        Generate a secret for symmetric encryption and store in a local
+        encrypted file.
+
+        This method emits the following signals:
+
+            * SOLEDAD_CREATING_KEYS
+            * SOLEDAD_DONE_CREATING_KEYS
+
+        A secret has the following structure:
+
+            {
+                '<secret_id>': {
+                        'kdf': 'scrypt',
+                        'kdf_salt': '<b64 repr of salt>'
+                        'kdf_length': <key length>
+                        'cipher': 'aes256',
+                        'length': <secret length>,
+                        'secret': '<encrypted b64 repr of storage_secret>',
+                }
+            }
+
+        @return: The id of the generated secret.
+        @rtype: str
+        """
+        signal(SOLEDAD_CREATING_KEYS, self._uuid)
+        # generate random secret
+        secret = os.urandom(self.GENERATED_SECRET_LENGTH)
+        secret_id = sha256(secret).hexdigest()
+        # generate random salt
+        salt = os.urandom(self.SALT_LENGTH)
+        # get a 256-bit key
+        key = scrypt.hash(self._passphrase, salt, buflen=32)
+        iv, ciphertext = self._crypto.encrypt_sym(secret, key)
+        self._secrets[secret_id] = {
+            # leap.soledad.crypto submodule uses AES256 for symmetric
+            # encryption.
+            self.KDF_KEY: 'scrypt',  # TODO: remove hard coded kdf
+            self.KDF_SALT_KEY: binascii.b2a_base64(salt),
+            self.KDF_LENGTH_KEY: len(key),
+            self.CIPHER_KEY: 'aes256',  # TODO: remove hard coded cipher
+            self.LENGTH_KEY: len(secret),
+            self.SECRET_KEY: '%s%s%s' % (
+                str(iv), self.IV_SEPARATOR, binascii.b2a_base64(ciphertext)),
+        }
+        self._store_secrets()
+        signal(SOLEDAD_DONE_CREATING_KEYS, self._uuid)
+        return secret_id
+
+    def _store_secrets(self):
+        """
+        Store a secret in C{Soledad.STORAGE_SECRETS_FILE_PATH}.
+
+        The contents of the stored file have the following format:
+
+            {
+                'storage_secrets': {
+                    '<secret_id>': {
+                        'kdf': 'scrypt',
+                        'kdf_salt': '<salt>'
+                        'kdf_length': <len>
+                        'cipher': 'aes256',
+                        'length': 1024,
+                        'secret': '<encrypted storage_secret 1>',
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        """
+        data = {
+            self.STORAGE_SECRETS_KEY: self._secrets,
+        }
+        with open(self._secrets_path, 'w') as f:
+            f.write(json.dumps(data))
+
+    #
+    # General crypto utility methods.
+    #
+
+    def _uuid_hash(self):
+        """
+        Calculate a hash for storing/retrieving key material on shared
+        database, based on user's uuid.
+
+        @return: the hash
+        @rtype: str
+        """
+        return sha256(
+            '%s%s' % (
+                SECRETS_DOC_ID_HASH_PREFIX,
+                self._uuid)).hexdigest()
+
+    def _shared_db(self):
+        """
+        Return an instance of the shared recovery database object.
+        """
+        if self.server_url:
+            return SoledadSharedDatabase.open_database(
+                urlparse.urljoin(self.server_url, 'shared'),
+                False,  # TODO: eliminate need to create db here.
+                creds=self._creds)
+
+    def _get_secrets_from_shared_db(self):
+        """
+        Retrieve the document with encrypted key material from the shared
+        database.
+
+        @return: a document with encrypted key material in its contents
+        @rtype: SoledadDocument
+        """
+        signal(SOLEDAD_DOWNLOADING_KEYS, self._uuid)
+        db = self._shared_db()
+        if not db:
+            logger.warning('No shared db found')
+            return
+        doc = db.get_doc(self._uuid_hash())
+        signal(SOLEDAD_DONE_DOWNLOADING_KEYS, self._uuid)
+        return doc
+
+    def _put_secrets_in_shared_db(self):
+        """
+        Assert local keys are the same as shared db's ones.
+
+        Try to fetch keys from shared recovery database. If they already exist
+        in the remote db, assert that that data is the same as local data.
+        Otherwise, upload keys to shared recovery database.
+
+        """
+        soledad_assert(
+            self._has_secret(),
+            'Tried to send keys to server but they don\'t exist in local '
+            'storage.')
+        # try to get secrets doc from server, otherwise create it
+        doc = self._get_secrets_from_shared_db()
+        if doc is None:
+            doc = SoledadDocument(doc_id=self._uuid_hash())
+        # fill doc with encrypted secrets
+        doc.content = self.export_recovery_document(include_uuid=False)
+        # upload secrets to server
+        signal(SOLEDAD_UPLOADING_KEYS, self._uuid)
+        db = self._shared_db()
+        if not db:
+            logger.warning('No shared db found')
+            return
+        db.put_doc(doc)
+        signal(SOLEDAD_DONE_UPLOADING_KEYS, self._uuid)
+
+    #
+    # Document storage, retrieval and sync.
+    #
+
+    def put_doc(self, doc):
+        """
+        Update a document in the local encrypted database.
+
+        @param doc: the document to update
+        @type doc: SoledadDocument
+
+        @return: the new revision identifier for the document
+        @rtype: str
+        """
+        return self._db.put_doc(doc)
+
+    def delete_doc(self, doc):
+        """
+        Delete a document from the local encrypted database.
+
+        @param doc: the document to delete
+        @type doc: SoledadDocument
+
+        @return: the new revision identifier for the document
+        @rtype: str
+        """
+        return self._db.delete_doc(doc)
+
+    def get_doc(self, doc_id, include_deleted=False):
+        """
+        Retrieve a document from the local encrypted database.
+
+        @param doc_id: the unique document identifier
+        @type doc_id: str
+        @param include_deleted: if True, deleted documents will be
+            returned with empty content; otherwise asking for a deleted
+            document will return None
+        @type include_deleted: bool
+
+        @return: the document object or None
+        @rtype: SoledadDocument
+        """
+        return self._db.get_doc(doc_id, include_deleted=include_deleted)
+
+    def get_docs(self, doc_ids, check_for_conflicts=True,
+                 include_deleted=False):
+        """
+        Get the content for many documents.
+
+        @param doc_ids: a list of document identifiers
+        @type doc_ids: list
+        @param check_for_conflicts: if set False, then the conflict check will
+            be skipped, and 'None' will be returned instead of True/False
+        @type check_for_conflicts: bool
+
+        @return: iterable giving the Document object for each document id
+            in matching doc_ids order.
+        @rtype: generator
+        """
+        return self._db.get_docs(doc_ids,
+                                 check_for_conflicts=check_for_conflicts,
+                                 include_deleted=include_deleted)
+
+    def get_all_docs(self, include_deleted=False):
+        """Get the JSON content for all documents in the database.
+
+        @param include_deleted: If set to True, deleted documents will be
+            returned with empty content. Otherwise deleted documents will not
+            be included in the results.
+        @return: (generation, [Document])
+            The current generation of the database, followed by a list of all
+            the documents in the database.
+        """
+        return self._db.get_all_docs(include_deleted)
+
+    def create_doc(self, content, doc_id=None):
+        """
+        Create a new document in the local encrypted database.
+
+        @param content: the contents of the new document
+        @type content: dict
+        @param doc_id: an optional identifier specifying the document id
+        @type doc_id: str
+
+        @return: the new document
+        @rtype: SoledadDocument
+        """
+        return self._db.create_doc(content, doc_id=doc_id)
+
+    def create_doc_from_json(self, json, doc_id=None):
+        """
+        Create a new document.
+
+        You can optionally specify the document identifier, but the document
+        must not already exist. See 'put_doc' if you want to override an
+        existing document.
+        If the database specifies a maximum document size and the document
+        exceeds it, create will fail and raise a DocumentTooBig exception.
+
+        @param json: The JSON document string
+        @type json: str
+        @param doc_id: An optional identifier specifying the document id.
+        @type doc_id:
+        @return: The new cocument
+        @rtype: SoledadDocument
+        """
+        return self._db.create_doc_from_json(json, doc_id=doc_id)
+
+    def create_index(self, index_name, *index_expressions):
+        """
+        Create an named index, which can then be queried for future lookups.
+        Creating an index which already exists is not an error, and is cheap.
+        Creating an index which does not match the index_expressions of the
+        existing index is an error.
+        Creating an index will block until the expressions have been evaluated
+        and the index generated.
+
+        @param index_name: A unique name which can be used as a key prefix
+        @type index_name: str
+        @param index_expressions: index expressions defining the index
+            information.
+        @type index_expressions: dict
+
+            Examples:
+
+            "fieldname", or "fieldname.subfieldname" to index alphabetically
+            sorted on the contents of a field.
+
+            "number(fieldname, width)", "lower(fieldname)"
+        """
+        return self._db.create_index(index_name, *index_expressions)
+
+    def delete_index(self, index_name):
+        """
+        Remove a named index.
+
+        @param index_name: The name of the index we are removing
+        @type index_name: str
+        """
+        return self._db.delete_index(index_name)
+
+    def list_indexes(self):
+        """
+        List the definitions of all known indexes.
+
+        @return: A list of [('index-name', ['field', 'field2'])] definitions.
+        @rtype: list
+        """
+        return self._db.list_indexes()
+
+    def get_from_index(self, index_name, *key_values):
+        """
+        Return documents that match the keys supplied.
+
+        You must supply exactly the same number of values as have been defined
+        in the index. It is possible to do a prefix match by using '*' to
+        indicate a wildcard match. You can only supply '*' to trailing entries,
+        (eg 'val', '*', '*' is allowed, but '*', 'val', 'val' is not.)
+        It is also possible to append a '*' to the last supplied value (eg
+        'val*', '*', '*' or 'val', 'val*', '*', but not 'val*', 'val', '*')
+
+        @param index_name: The index to query
+        @type index_name: str
+        @param key_values: values to match. eg, if you have
+            an index with 3 fields then you would have:
+            get_from_index(index_name, val1, val2, val3)
+        @type key_values: tuple
+        @return: List of [Document]
+        @rtype: list
+        """
+        return self._db.get_from_index(index_name, *key_values)
+
+    def get_range_from_index(self, index_name, start_value, end_value):
+        """
+        Return documents that fall within the specified range.
+
+        Both ends of the range are inclusive. For both start_value and
+        end_value, one must supply exactly the same number of values as have
+        been defined in the index, or pass None. In case of a single column
+        index, a string is accepted as an alternative for a tuple with a single
+        value. It is possible to do a prefix match by using '*' to indicate
+        a wildcard match. You can only supply '*' to trailing entries, (eg
+        'val', '*', '*' is allowed, but '*', 'val', 'val' is not.) It is also
+        possible to append a '*' to the last supplied value (eg 'val*', '*',
+        '*' or 'val', 'val*', '*', but not 'val*', 'val', '*')
+
+        @param index_name: The index to query
+        @type index_name: str
+        @param start_values: tuples of values that define the lower bound of
+            the range. eg, if you have an index with 3 fields then you would
+            have: (val1, val2, val3)
+        @type start_values: tuple
+        @param end_values: tuples of values that define the upper bound of the
+            range. eg, if you have an index with 3 fields then you would have:
+            (val1, val2, val3)
+        @type end_values: tuple
+        @return: List of [Document]
+        @rtype: list
+        """
+        return self._db.get_range_from_index(
+            index_name, start_value, end_value)
+
+    def get_index_keys(self, index_name):
+        """
+        Return all keys under which documents are indexed in this index.
+
+        @param index_name: The index to query
+        @type index_name: str
+        @return: [] A list of tuples of indexed keys.
+        @rtype: list
+        """
+        return self._db.get_index_keys(index_name)
+
+    def get_doc_conflicts(self, doc_id):
+        """
+        Get the list of conflicts for the given document.
+
+        @param doc_id: the document id
+        @type doc_id: str
+
+        @return: a list of the document entries that are conflicted
+        @rtype: list
+        """
+        return self._db.get_doc_conflicts(doc_id)
+
+    def resolve_doc(self, doc, conflicted_doc_revs):
+        """
+        Mark a document as no longer conflicted.
+
+        @param doc: a document with the new content to be inserted.
+        @type doc: SoledadDocument
+        @param conflicted_doc_revs: a list of revisions that the new content
+            supersedes.
+        @type conflicted_doc_revs: list
+        """
+        return self._db.resolve_doc(doc, conflicted_doc_revs)
+
+    def sync(self):
+        """
+        Synchronize the local encrypted replica with a remote replica.
+
+        @param url: the url of the target replica to sync with
+        @type url: str
+
+        @return: the local generation before the synchronisation was
+            performed.
+        @rtype: str
+        """
+        local_gen = self._db.sync(
+            urlparse.urljoin(self.server_url, 'user-%s' % self._uuid),
+            creds=self._creds, autocreate=True)
+        signal(SOLEDAD_DONE_DATA_SYNC, self._uuid)
+        return local_gen
+
+    def need_sync(self, url):
+        """
+        Return if local db replica differs from remote url's replica.
+
+        @param url: The remote replica to compare with local replica.
+        @type url: str
+
+        @return: Whether remote replica and local replica differ.
+        @rtype: bool
+        """
+        target = SoledadSyncTarget(url, creds=self._creds, crypto=self._crypto)
+        info = target.get_sync_info(self._db._get_replica_uid())
+        # compare source generation with target's last known source generation
+        if self._db._get_generation() != info[4]:
+            signal(SOLEDAD_NEW_DATA_TO_SYNC, self._uuid)
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def _set_token(self, token):
+        """
+        Set the authentication token for remote database access.
+
+        Build the credentials dictionary with the following format:
+
+            self._{
+                'token': {
+                    'uuid': '<uuid>'
+                    'token': '<token>'
+            }
+
+        @param token: The authentication token.
+        @type token: str
+        """
+        self._creds = {
+            'token': {
+                'uuid': self._uuid,
+                'token': token,
+            }
+        }
+
+    def _get_token(self):
+        """
+        Return current token from credentials dictionary.
+        """
+        return self._creds['token']['token']
+
+    token = property(_get_token, _set_token, doc='The authentication Token.')
+
+    #
+    # Recovery document export and import methods
+    #
+    def export_recovery_document(self, include_uuid=True):
+        """
+        Export the storage secrets and (optionally) the uuid.
+
+        A recovery document has the following structure:
+
+            {
+                self.STORAGE_SECRET_KEY: <secrets dict>,
+                self.UUID_KEY: '<uuid>',  # (optional)
+            }
+
+        @param include_uuid: Should the uuid be included?
+        @type include_uuid: bool
+
+        @return: The recovery document.
+        @rtype: dict
+        """
+        data = {self.STORAGE_SECRETS_KEY: self._secrets}
+        if include_uuid:
+            data[self.UUID_KEY] = self._uuid
+        return data
+
+    def import_recovery_document(self, data):
+        """
+        Import storage secrets for symmetric encryption and uuid (if present)
+        from a recovery document.
+
+        A recovery document has the following structure:
+
+            {
+                self.STORAGE_SECRET_KEY: <secrets dict>,
+                self.UUID_KEY: '<uuid>',  # (optional)
+            }
+
+        @param data: The recovery document.
+        @type data: dict
+        """
+        # include new secrets in our secret pool.
+        for secret_id, secret_data in data[self.STORAGE_SECRETS_KEY].items():
+            if secret_id not in self._secrets:
+                self._secrets[secret_id] = secret_data
+        self._store_secrets()  # save new secrets in local file
+        # set uuid if present
+        if self.UUID_KEY in data:
+            self._uuid = data[self.UUID_KEY]
+        # choose first secret to use is none is assigned
+        if self._secret_id is None:
+            self._set_secret_id(data[self.STORAGE_SECRETS_KEY].items()[0][0])
+
+    #
+    # Setters/getters
+    #
+
+    def _get_uuid(self):
+        return self._uuid
+
+    uuid = property(_get_uuid, doc='The user uuid.')
+
+    def _get_secret_id(self):
+        return self._secret_id
+
+    secret_id = property(
+        _get_secret_id,
+        doc='The active secret id.')
+
+    def _get_secrets_path(self):
+        return self._secrets_path
+
+    secrets_path = property(
+        _get_secrets_path,
+        doc='The path for the file containing the encrypted symmetric secret.')
+
+    def _get_local_db_path(self):
+        return self._local_db_path
+
+    local_db_path = property(
+        _get_local_db_path,
+        doc='The path for the local database replica.')
+
+    def _get_server_url(self):
+        return self._server_url
+
+    server_url = property(
+        _get_server_url,
+        doc='The URL of the Soledad server.')
+
+    storage_secret = property(
+        _get_storage_secret,
+        doc='The secret used for symmetric encryption.')
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Monkey patching u1db to be able to provide a custom SSL cert
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# We need a more reasonable timeout (in seconds)
+SOLEDAD_TIMEOUT = 10
+
+class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(httplib.HTTPSConnection):
+    """HTTPSConnection verifying server side certificates."""
+    # derived from httplib.py
+
+    def connect(self):
+        "Connect to a host on a given (SSL) port."
+        sock = socket.create_connection((self.host, self.port),
+                                        SOLEDAD_TIMEOUT, self.source_address)
+        if self._tunnel_host:
+            self.sock = sock
+            self._tunnel()
+
+        self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(sock,
+                                    ca_certs=SOLEDAD_CERT,
+                                    cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED)
+        match_hostname(self.sock.getpeercert(), self.host)
+
+
+old__VerifiedHTTPSConnection = http_client._VerifiedHTTPSConnection
+http_client._VerifiedHTTPSConnection = VerifiedHTTPSConnection
+
+
+__all__ = ['soledad_assert', 'Soledad']
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/auth.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/auth.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c093099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/auth.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# auth.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013 LEAP
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+"""
+Methods for token-based authentication.
+
+These methods have to be included in all classes that extend HTTPClient so
+they can do token-based auth requests to the Soledad server.
+"""
+
+
+from u1db.remote.http_client import HTTPClientBase
+from u1db import errors
+
+
+class TokenBasedAuth(object):
+    """
+    Encapsulate token-auth methods for classes that inherit from
+    u1db.remote.http_client.HTTPClient.
+    """
+
+    def set_token_credentials(self, uuid, token):
+        """
+        Store given credentials so we can sign the request later.
+
+        @param uuid: The user's uuid.
+        @type uuid: str
+        @param token: The authentication token.
+        @type token: str
+        """
+        self._creds = {'token': (uuid, token)}
+
+    def _sign_request(self, method, url_query, params):
+        """
+        Return an authorization header to be included in the HTTP request, in
+        the form:
+
+            [('Authorization', 'Token <base64 encoded creds')]
+
+        @param method: The HTTP method.
+        @type method: str
+        @param url_query: The URL query string.
+        @type url_query: str
+        @param params: A list with encoded query parameters.
+        @type param: list
+
+        @return: The Authorization header.
+        @rtype: list of tuple
+        """
+        if 'token' in self._creds:
+            uuid, token = self._creds['token']
+            auth = '%s:%s' % (uuid, token)
+            return [('Authorization', 'Token %s' % auth.encode('base64')[:-1])]
+        else:
+            raise errors.UnknownAuthMethod(
+                'Wrong credentials: %s' % self._creds)
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/backends/__init__.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/backends/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/backends/__init__.py
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/backends/leap_backend.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/backends/leap_backend.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8d76b67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/backends/leap_backend.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# leap_backend.py 
+# Copyright (C) 2013 LEAP
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+"""
+This file exists to provide backwards compatibility with code that uses
+Soledad before the refactor that removed the leap_backend module.
+"""
+
+
+import logging
+import warnings
+
+
+from leap.soledad import document
+from leap.soledad import target
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(name=__name__)
+
+
+def warn(oldclass, newclass):
+    """
+    Warns about deprecation of C{oldclass}, which must be substituted by
+    C{newclass}.
+
+    @param oldclass: The class that is deprecated.
+    @type oldclass: type
+    @param newclass: The class that should be used instead.
+    @type newclass: type
+    """
+    message = \
+        "%s is deprecated and will be removed soon. Please use %s instead." \
+        % (str(oldclass), str(newclass))
+    print message
+    logger.warning(message)
+    warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+
+class LeapDocument(document.SoledadDocument):
+    """
+    This class exists to provide backwards compatibility with code that still
+    uses C{leap.soledad.backends.leap_backend.LeapDocument}.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        warn(self.__class__, document.SoledadDocument)
+        document.SoledadDocument.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class EncryptionSchemes(target.EncryptionSchemes):
+    """
+    This class exists to provide backwards compatibility with code that still
+    uses C{leap.soledad.backends.leap_backend.EncryptionSchemes}.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        warn(self.__class__, target.EncryptionSchemes)
+        target.EncryptionSchemes.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/crypto.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/crypto.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfad66d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/crypto.py
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# crypto.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013 LEAP
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+"""
+Cryptographic utilities for Soledad.
+"""
+
+
+import os
+import binascii
+import hmac
+import hashlib
+
+
+from Crypto.Cipher import AES
+from Crypto.Util import Counter
+
+
+from leap.soledad import (
+    soledad_assert,
+    soledad_assert_type,
+)
+
+
+class EncryptionMethods(object):
+    """
+    Representation of encryption methods that can be used.
+    """
+
+    AES_256_CTR = 'aes-256-ctr'
+
+
+class UnknownEncryptionMethod(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised when trying to encrypt/decrypt with unknown method.
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class NoSymmetricSecret(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised when trying to get a hashed passphrase.
+    """
+
+
+class SoledadCrypto(object):
+    """
+    General cryptographic functionality.
+    """
+
+    MAC_KEY_LENGTH = 64
+
+    def __init__(self, soledad):
+        """
+        Initialize the crypto object.
+
+        @param soledad: A Soledad instance for key lookup.
+        @type soledad: leap.soledad.Soledad
+        """
+        self._soledad = soledad
+
+    def encrypt_sym(self, data, key,
+                    method=EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR):
+        """
+        Encrypt C{data} using a {password}.
+
+        Currently, the only  encryption method supported is AES-256 CTR mode.
+
+        @param data: The data to be encrypted.
+        @type data: str
+        @param key: The key used to encrypt C{data} (must be 256 bits long).
+        @type key: str
+        @param method: The encryption method to use.
+        @type method: str
+
+        @return: A tuple with the initial value and the encrypted data.
+        @rtype: (long, str)
+        """
+        soledad_assert_type(key, str)
+
+        # AES-256 in CTR mode
+        if method == EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR:
+            soledad_assert(
+                len(key) == 32,  # 32 x 8 = 256 bits.
+                'Wrong key size: %s bits (must be 256 bits long).' %
+                (len(key) * 8))
+            iv = os.urandom(8)
+            ctr = Counter.new(64, prefix=iv)
+            cipher = AES.new(key=key, mode=AES.MODE_CTR, counter=ctr)
+            return binascii.b2a_base64(iv), cipher.encrypt(data)
+
+        # raise if method is unknown
+        raise UnknownEncryptionMethod('Unkwnown method: %s' % method)
+
+    def decrypt_sym(self, data, key,
+                    method=EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Decrypt data using symmetric secret.
+
+        Currently, the only encryption method supported is AES-256 CTR mode.
+
+        @param data: The data to be decrypted.
+        @type data: str
+        @param key: The key used to decrypt C{data} (must be 256 bits long).
+        @type key: str
+        @param method: The encryption method to use.
+        @type method: str
+        @param kwargs: Other parameters specific to each encryption method.
+        @type kwargs: dict
+
+        @return: The decrypted data.
+        @rtype: str
+        """
+        soledad_assert_type(key, str)
+
+        # AES-256 in CTR mode
+        if method == EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR:
+            # assert params
+            soledad_assert(
+                len(key) == 32,  # 32 x 8 = 256 bits.
+                'Wrong key size: %s (must be 256 bits long).' % len(key))
+            soledad_assert(
+                'iv' in kwargs,
+                'AES-256-CTR needs an initial value.')
+            ctr = Counter.new(64, prefix=binascii.a2b_base64(kwargs['iv']))
+            cipher = AES.new(key=key, mode=AES.MODE_CTR, counter=ctr)
+            return cipher.decrypt(data)
+
+        # raise if method is unknown
+        raise UnknownEncryptionMethod('Unkwnown method: %s' % method)
+
+    def doc_passphrase(self, doc_id):
+        """
+        Generate a passphrase for symmetric encryption of document's contents.
+
+        The password is derived using HMAC having sha256 as underlying hash
+        function. The key used for HMAC are the first
+        C{soledad.REMOTE_STORAGE_SECRET_KENGTH} bytes of Soledad's storage
+        secret stripped from the first MAC_KEY_LENGTH characters. The HMAC
+        message is C{doc_id}.
+
+        @param doc_id: The id of the document that will be encrypted using
+            this passphrase.
+        @type doc_id: str
+
+        @return: The passphrase.
+        @rtype: str
+
+        @raise NoSymmetricSecret: if no symmetric secret was supplied.
+        """
+        if self.secret is None:
+            raise NoSymmetricSecret()
+        return hmac.new(
+            self.secret[
+                self.MAC_KEY_LENGTH:
+                self._soledad.REMOTE_STORAGE_SECRET_LENGTH],
+            doc_id,
+            hashlib.sha256).digest()
+
+    def doc_mac_key(self, doc_id):
+        """
+        Generate a key for calculating a MAC for a document whose id is
+        C{doc_id}.
+
+        The key is derived using HMAC having sha256 as underlying hash
+        function. The key used for HMAC is the first MAC_KEY_LENGTH characters
+        of Soledad's storage secret. The HMAC message is C{doc_id}.
+
+        @param doc_id: The id of the document.
+        @type doc_id: str
+
+        @return: The key.
+        @rtype: str
+
+        @raise NoSymmetricSecret: if no symmetric secret was supplied.
+        """
+        if self.secret is None:
+            raise NoSymmetricSecret()
+        return hmac.new(
+            self.secret[:self.MAC_KEY_LENGTH],
+            doc_id,
+            hashlib.sha256).digest()
+
+    #
+    # secret setters/getters
+    #
+
+    def _get_secret(self):
+        return self._soledad.storage_secret
+
+    secret = property(
+        _get_secret, doc='The secret used for symmetric encryption')
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/document.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/document.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc24b53a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/document.py
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# document.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013 LEAP
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+"""
+A Soledad Document is an u1db.Document with lasers.
+"""
+
+
+from u1db import Document
+
+
+#
+# SoledadDocument
+#
+
+class SoledadDocument(Document):
+    """
+    Encryptable and syncable document.
+
+    LEAP Documents can be flagged as syncable or not, so the replicas
+    might not sync every document.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, doc_id=None, rev=None, json='{}', has_conflicts=False,
+                 syncable=True):
+        """
+        Container for handling an encryptable document.
+
+        @param doc_id: The unique document identifier.
+        @type doc_id: str
+        @param rev: The revision identifier of the document.
+        @type rev: str
+        @param json: The JSON string for this document.
+        @type json: str
+        @param has_conflicts: Boolean indicating if this document has conflicts
+        @type has_conflicts: bool
+        @param syncable: Should this document be synced with remote replicas?
+        @type syncable: bool
+        """
+        Document.__init__(self, doc_id, rev, json, has_conflicts)
+        self._syncable = syncable
+
+    def _get_syncable(self):
+        """
+        Return whether this document is syncable.
+
+        @return: Is this document syncable?
+        @rtype: bool
+        """
+        return self._syncable
+
+    def _set_syncable(self, syncable=True):
+        """
+        Determine if this document should be synced with remote replicas.
+
+        @param syncable: Should this document be synced with remote replicas?
+        @type syncable: bool
+        """
+        self._syncable = syncable
+
+    syncable = property(
+        _get_syncable,
+        _set_syncable,
+        doc="Determine if document should be synced with server."
+    )
+
+    def _get_rev(self):
+        """
+        Get the document revision.
+
+        Returning the revision as string solves the following exception in
+        Twisted web:
+            exceptions.TypeError: Can only pass-through bytes on Python 2
+
+        @return: The document revision.
+        @rtype: str
+        """
+        if self._rev is None:
+            return None
+        return str(self._rev)
+
+    def _set_rev(self, rev):
+        """
+        Set document revision.
+
+        @param rev: The new document revision.
+        @type rev: bytes
+        """
+        self._rev = rev
+
+    rev = property(
+        _get_rev,
+        _set_rev,
+        doc="Wrapper to ensure `doc.rev` is always returned as bytes.")
+
+
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/shared_db.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/shared_db.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..33c5c484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/shared_db.py
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# shared_db.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013 LEAP
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+"""
+A shared database for storing/retrieving encrypted key material.
+"""
+
+import simplejson as json
+
+
+from u1db.remote import http_database
+
+
+from leap.soledad.auth import TokenBasedAuth
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Soledad shared database
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class NoTokenForAuth(Exception):
+    """
+    No token was found for token-based authentication.
+    """
+
+
+class Unauthorized(Exception):
+    """
+    User does not have authorization to perform task.
+    """
+
+
+class SoledadSharedDatabase(http_database.HTTPDatabase, TokenBasedAuth):
+    """
+    This is a shared recovery database that enables users to store their
+    encryption secrets in the server and retrieve them afterwards.
+    """
+    # TODO: prevent client from messing with the shared DB.
+    # TODO: define and document API.
+
+    #
+    # Token auth methods.
+    #
+
+    def set_token_credentials(self, uuid, token):
+        """
+        Store given credentials so we can sign the request later.
+
+        @param uuid: The user's uuid.
+        @type uuid: str
+        @param token: The authentication token.
+        @type token: str
+        """
+        TokenBasedAuth.set_token_credentials(self, uuid, token)
+
+    def _sign_request(self, method, url_query, params):
+        """
+        Return an authorization header to be included in the HTTP request.
+
+        @param method: The HTTP method.
+        @type method: str
+        @param url_query: The URL query string.
+        @type url_query: str
+        @param params: A list with encoded query parameters.
+        @type param: list
+
+        @return: The Authorization header.
+        @rtype: list of tuple
+        """
+        return TokenBasedAuth._sign_request(self, method, url_query, params)
+
+    #
+    # Modified HTTPDatabase methods.
+    #
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def open_database(url, create, creds=None):
+        # TODO: users should not be able to create the shared database, so we
+        # have to remove this from here in the future.
+        """
+        Open a Soledad shared database.
+
+        @param url: URL of the remote database.
+        @type url: str
+        @param create: Should the database be created if it does not already
+            exist?
+        @type create: bool
+        @param token: An authentication token for accessing the shared db.
+        @type token: str
+
+        @return: The shared database in the given url.
+        @rtype: SoledadSharedDatabase
+        """
+        db = SoledadSharedDatabase(url, creds=creds)
+        db.open(create)
+        return db
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def delete_database(url):
+        """
+        Dummy method that prevents from deleting shared database.
+
+        @raise: This will always raise an Unauthorized exception.
+
+        @param url: The database URL.
+        @type url: str
+        """
+        raise Unauthorized("Can't delete shared database.")
+
+    def __init__(self, url, document_factory=None, creds=None):
+        """
+        Initialize database with auth token and encryption powers.
+
+        @param url: URL of the remote database.
+        @type url: str
+        @param document_factory: A factory for U1BD documents.
+        @type document_factory: u1db.Document
+        @param creds: A tuple containing the authentication method and
+            credentials.
+        @type creds: tuple
+        """
+        http_database.HTTPDatabase.__init__(self, url, document_factory,
+                                            creds)
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/sqlcipher.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/sqlcipher.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..acbeabe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/sqlcipher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,653 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# sqlcipher.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013 LEAP
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+"""
+A U1DB backend that uses SQLCipher as its persistence layer.
+
+The SQLCipher API (http://sqlcipher.net/sqlcipher-api/) is fully implemented,
+with the exception of the following statements:
+
+  * PRAGMA cipher_use_hmac
+  * PRAGMA cipher_default_use_mac
+
+SQLCipher 2.0 introduced a per-page HMAC to validate that the page data has
+not be tampered with. By default, when creating or opening a database using
+SQLCipher 2, SQLCipher will attempt to use an HMAC check. This change in
+database format means that SQLCipher 2 can't operate on version 1.1.x
+databases by default. Thus, in order to provide backward compatibility with
+SQLCipher 1.1.x, PRAGMA cipher_use_hmac can be used to disable the HMAC
+functionality on specific databases.
+
+In some very specific cases, it is not possible to call PRAGMA cipher_use_hmac
+as one of the first operations on a database. An example of this is when
+trying to ATTACH a 1.1.x database to the main database. In these cases PRAGMA
+cipher_default_use_hmac can be used to globally alter the default use of HMAC
+when opening a database.
+
+So, as the statements above were introduced for backwards compatibility with
+SLCipher 1.1 databases, we do not implement them as all SQLCipher databases
+handled by Soledad should be created by SQLCipher >= 2.0.
+"""
+
+import os
+import time
+import string
+
+
+from u1db.backends import sqlite_backend
+from pysqlcipher import dbapi2
+from u1db import (
+    errors,
+)
+from leap.soledad.document import SoledadDocument
+
+
+# Monkey-patch u1db.backends.sqlite_backend with pysqlcipher.dbapi2
+sqlite_backend.dbapi2 = dbapi2
+
+
+def open(path, password, create=True, document_factory=None, crypto=None,
+         raw_key=False, cipher='aes-256-cbc', kdf_iter=4000,
+         cipher_page_size=1024):
+    """Open a database at the given location.
+
+    Will raise u1db.errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist if create=False and the
+    database does not already exist.
+
+    @param path: The filesystem path for the database to open.
+    @param type: str
+    @param create: True/False, should the database be created if it doesn't
+        already exist?
+    @param type: bool
+    @param document_factory: A function that will be called with the same
+        parameters as Document.__init__.
+    @type document_factory: callable
+    @param crypto: An instance of SoledadCrypto so we can encrypt/decrypt
+        document contents when syncing.
+    @type crypto: soledad.crypto.SoledadCrypto
+    @param raw_key: Whether C{password} is a raw 64-char hex string or a
+        passphrase that should be hashed to obtain the encyrption key.
+    @type raw_key: bool
+    @param cipher: The cipher and mode to use.
+    @type cipher: str
+    @param kdf_iter: The number of iterations to use.
+    @type kdf_iter: int
+    @param cipher_page_size: The page size.
+    @type cipher_page_size: int
+
+    @return: An instance of Database.
+    @rtype SQLCipherDatabase
+    """
+    return SQLCipherDatabase.open_database(
+        path, password, create=create, document_factory=document_factory,
+        crypto=crypto, raw_key=raw_key, cipher=cipher, kdf_iter=kdf_iter,
+        cipher_page_size=cipher_page_size)
+
+
+#
+# Exceptions
+#
+
+class DatabaseIsNotEncrypted(Exception):
+    """
+    Exception raised when trying to open non-encrypted databases.
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class NotAnHexString(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised when trying to (raw) key the database with a non-hex string.
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+#
+# The SQLCipher database
+#
+
+class SQLCipherDatabase(sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase):
+    """A U1DB implementation that uses SQLCipher as its persistence layer."""
+
+    _index_storage_value = 'expand referenced encrypted'
+
+    def __init__(self, sqlcipher_file, password, document_factory=None,
+                 crypto=None, raw_key=False, cipher='aes-256-cbc',
+                 kdf_iter=4000, cipher_page_size=1024):
+        """
+        Create a new sqlcipher file.
+
+        @param sqlcipher_file: The path for the SQLCipher file.
+        @type sqlcipher_file: str
+        @param password: The password that protects the SQLCipher db.
+        @type password: str
+        @param document_factory: A function that will be called with the same
+            parameters as Document.__init__.
+        @type document_factory: callable
+        @param crypto: An instance of SoledadCrypto so we can encrypt/decrypt
+            document contents when syncing.
+        @type crypto: soledad.crypto.SoledadCrypto
+        @param raw_key: Whether C{password} is a raw 64-char hex string or a
+            passphrase that should be hashed to obtain the encyrption key.
+        @type raw_key: bool
+        @param cipher: The cipher and mode to use.
+        @type cipher: str
+        @param kdf_iter: The number of iterations to use.
+        @type kdf_iter: int
+        @param cipher_page_size: The page size.
+        @type cipher_page_size: int
+        """
+        # ensure the db is encrypted if the file already exists
+        if os.path.exists(sqlcipher_file):
+            self.assert_db_is_encrypted(
+                sqlcipher_file, password, raw_key, cipher, kdf_iter,
+                cipher_page_size)
+        # connect to the database
+        self._db_handle = dbapi2.connect(sqlcipher_file)
+        # set SQLCipher cryptographic parameters
+        self._set_crypto_pragmas(
+            self._db_handle, password, raw_key, cipher, kdf_iter,
+            cipher_page_size)
+        self._real_replica_uid = None
+        self._ensure_schema()
+        self._crypto = crypto
+
+        def factory(doc_id=None, rev=None, json='{}', has_conflicts=False,
+                    syncable=True):
+            return SoledadDocument(doc_id=doc_id, rev=rev, json=json,
+                                has_conflicts=has_conflicts,
+                                syncable=syncable)
+        self.set_document_factory(factory)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _open_database(cls, sqlcipher_file, password, document_factory=None,
+                       crypto=None, raw_key=False, cipher='aes-256-cbc',
+                       kdf_iter=4000, cipher_page_size=1024):
+        """
+        Open a SQLCipher database.
+
+        @param sqlcipher_file: The path for the SQLCipher file.
+        @type sqlcipher_file: str
+        @param password: The password that protects the SQLCipher db.
+        @type password: str
+        @param document_factory: A function that will be called with the same
+            parameters as Document.__init__.
+        @type document_factory: callable
+        @param crypto: An instance of SoledadCrypto so we can encrypt/decrypt
+            document contents when syncing.
+        @type crypto: soledad.crypto.SoledadCrypto
+        @param raw_key: Whether C{password} is a raw 64-char hex string or a
+            passphrase that should be hashed to obtain the encyrption key.
+        @type raw_key: bool
+        @param cipher: The cipher and mode to use.
+        @type cipher: str
+        @param kdf_iter: The number of iterations to use.
+        @type kdf_iter: int
+        @param cipher_page_size: The page size.
+        @type cipher_page_size: int
+
+        @return: The database object.
+        @rtype: SQLCipherDatabase
+        """
+        if not os.path.isfile(sqlcipher_file):
+            raise errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist()
+        tries = 2
+        while True:
+            # Note: There seems to be a bug in sqlite 3.5.9 (with python2.6)
+            #       where without re-opening the database on Windows, it
+            #       doesn't see the transaction that was just committed
+            db_handle = dbapi2.connect(sqlcipher_file)
+            # set cryptographic params
+            cls._set_crypto_pragmas(
+                db_handle, password, raw_key, cipher, kdf_iter,
+                cipher_page_size)
+            c = db_handle.cursor()
+            v, err = cls._which_index_storage(c)
+            db_handle.close()
+            if v is not None:
+                break
+            # possibly another process is initializing it, wait for it to be
+            # done
+            if tries == 0:
+                raise err  # go for the richest error?
+            tries -= 1
+            time.sleep(cls.WAIT_FOR_PARALLEL_INIT_HALF_INTERVAL)
+        return SQLCipherDatabase._sqlite_registry[v](
+            sqlcipher_file, password, document_factory=document_factory,
+            crypto=crypto, raw_key=raw_key, cipher=cipher, kdf_iter=kdf_iter,
+            cipher_page_size=cipher_page_size)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def open_database(cls, sqlcipher_file, password, create, backend_cls=None,
+                      document_factory=None, crypto=None, raw_key=False,
+                      cipher='aes-256-cbc', kdf_iter=4000,
+                      cipher_page_size=1024):
+        """
+        Open a SQLCipher database.
+
+        @param sqlcipher_file: The path for the SQLCipher file.
+        @type sqlcipher_file: str
+        @param password: The password that protects the SQLCipher db.
+        @type password: str
+        @param create: Should the datbase be created if it does not already
+            exist?
+        @type: bool
+        @param backend_cls: A class to use as backend.
+        @type backend_cls: type
+        @param document_factory: A function that will be called with the same
+            parameters as Document.__init__.
+        @type document_factory: callable
+        @param crypto: An instance of SoledadCrypto so we can encrypt/decrypt
+            document contents when syncing.
+        @type crypto: soledad.crypto.SoledadCrypto
+        @param raw_key: Whether C{password} is a raw 64-char hex string or a
+            passphrase that should be hashed to obtain the encyrption key.
+        @type raw_key: bool
+        @param cipher: The cipher and mode to use.
+        @type cipher: str
+        @param kdf_iter: The number of iterations to use.
+        @type kdf_iter: int
+        @param cipher_page_size: The page size.
+        @type cipher_page_size: int
+
+        @return: The database object.
+        @rtype: SQLCipherDatabase
+        """
+        try:
+            return cls._open_database(
+                sqlcipher_file, password, document_factory=document_factory,
+                crypto=crypto, raw_key=raw_key, cipher=cipher,
+                kdf_iter=kdf_iter, cipher_page_size=cipher_page_size)
+        except errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist:
+            if not create:
+                raise
+            # TODO: remove backend class from here.
+            if backend_cls is None:
+                # default is SQLCipherPartialExpandDatabase
+                backend_cls = SQLCipherDatabase
+            return backend_cls(
+                sqlcipher_file, password, document_factory=document_factory,
+                crypto=crypto, raw_key=raw_key, cipher=cipher,
+                kdf_iter=kdf_iter, cipher_page_size=cipher_page_size)
+
+    def sync(self, url, creds=None, autocreate=True):
+        """
+        Synchronize documents with remote replica exposed at url.
+
+        @param url: The url of the target replica to sync with.
+        @type url: str
+        @param creds: optional dictionary giving credentials.
+            to authorize the operation with the server.
+        @type creds: dict
+        @param autocreate: Ask the target to create the db if non-existent.
+        @type autocreate: bool
+
+        @return: The local generation before the synchronisation was performed.
+        @rtype: int
+        """
+        from u1db.sync import Synchronizer
+        from leap.soledad.target import SoledadSyncTarget
+        return Synchronizer(
+            self,
+            SoledadSyncTarget(url,
+                           creds=creds,
+                           crypto=self._crypto)).sync(autocreate=autocreate)
+
+    def _extra_schema_init(self, c):
+        """
+        Add any extra fields, etc to the basic table definitions.
+
+        @param c: The cursor for querying the database.
+        @type c: dbapi2.cursor
+        """
+        c.execute(
+            'ALTER TABLE document '
+            'ADD COLUMN syncable BOOL NOT NULL DEFAULT TRUE')
+
+    def _put_and_update_indexes(self, old_doc, doc):
+        """
+        Update a document and all indexes related to it.
+
+        @param old_doc: The old version of the document.
+        @type old_doc: u1db.Document
+        @param doc: The new version of the document.
+        @type doc: u1db.Document
+        """
+        sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase._put_and_update_indexes(
+            self, old_doc, doc)
+        c = self._db_handle.cursor()
+        c.execute('UPDATE document SET syncable=? '
+                  'WHERE doc_id=?',
+                  (doc.syncable, doc.doc_id))
+
+    def _get_doc(self, doc_id, check_for_conflicts=False):
+        """
+        Get just the document content, without fancy handling.
+
+        @param doc_id: The unique document identifier
+        @type doc_id: str
+        @param include_deleted: If set to True, deleted documents will be
+            returned with empty content. Otherwise asking for a deleted
+            document will return None.
+        @type include_deleted: bool
+
+        @return: a Document object.
+        @type: u1db.Document
+        """
+        doc = sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase._get_doc(
+            self, doc_id, check_for_conflicts)
+        if doc:
+            c = self._db_handle.cursor()
+            c.execute('SELECT syncable FROM document '
+                      'WHERE doc_id=?',
+                      (doc.doc_id,))
+            result = c.fetchone()
+            doc.syncable = bool(result[0])
+        return doc
+
+    #
+    # SQLCipher API methods
+    #
+
+    @classmethod
+    def assert_db_is_encrypted(cls, sqlcipher_file, key, raw_key, cipher,
+                               kdf_iter, cipher_page_size):
+        """
+        Assert that C{sqlcipher_file} contains an encrypted database.
+
+        When opening an existing database, PRAGMA key will not immediately
+        throw an error if the key provided is incorrect. To test that the
+        database can be successfully opened with the provided key, it is
+        necessary to perform some operation on the database (i.e. read from
+        it) and confirm it is success.
+
+        The easiest way to do this is select off the sqlite_master table,
+        which will attempt to read the first page of the database and will
+        parse the schema.
+
+        @param sqlcipher_file: The path for the SQLCipher file.
+        @type sqlcipher_file: str
+        @param key: The key that protects the SQLCipher db.
+        @type key: str
+        @param raw_key: Whether C{key} is a raw 64-char hex string or a
+            passphrase that should be hashed to obtain the encyrption key.
+        @type raw_key: bool
+        @param cipher: The cipher and mode to use.
+        @type cipher: str
+        @param kdf_iter: The number of iterations to use.
+        @type kdf_iter: int
+        @param cipher_page_size: The page size.
+        @type cipher_page_size: int
+        """
+        try:
+            # try to open an encrypted database with the regular u1db
+            # backend should raise a DatabaseError exception.
+            sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(sqlcipher_file)
+            raise DatabaseIsNotEncrypted()
+        except dbapi2.DatabaseError:
+            # assert that we can access it using SQLCipher with the given
+            # key
+            db_handle = dbapi2.connect(sqlcipher_file)
+            cls._set_crypto_pragmas(
+                db_handle, key, raw_key, cipher, kdf_iter, cipher_page_size)
+            db_handle.cursor().execute('SELECT count(*) FROM sqlite_master')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _set_crypto_pragmas(cls, db_handle, key, raw_key, cipher, kdf_iter,
+                            cipher_page_size):
+        """
+        Set cryptographic params (key, cipher, KDF number of iterations and
+        cipher page size).
+        """
+        cls._pragma_key(db_handle, key, raw_key)
+        cls._pragma_cipher(db_handle, cipher)
+        cls._pragma_kdf_iter(db_handle, kdf_iter)
+        cls._pragma_cipher_page_size(db_handle, cipher_page_size)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _pragma_key(cls, db_handle, key, raw_key):
+        """
+        Set the C{key} for use with the database.
+
+        The process of creating a new, encrypted database is called 'keying'
+        the database. SQLCipher uses just-in-time key derivation at the point
+        it is first needed for an operation. This means that the key (and any
+        options) must be set before the first operation on the database. As
+        soon as the database is touched (e.g. SELECT, CREATE TABLE, UPDATE,
+        etc.) and pages need to be read or written, the key is prepared for
+        use.
+
+        Implementation Notes:
+
+        * PRAGMA key should generally be called as the first operation on a
+          database.
+
+        @param key: The key for use with the database.
+        @type key: str
+        @param raw_key: Whether C{key} is a raw 64-char hex string or a
+            passphrase that should be hashed to obtain the encyrption key.
+        @type raw_key: bool
+        """
+        if raw_key:
+            cls._pragma_key_raw(db_handle, key)
+        else:
+            cls._pragma_key_passphrase(db_handle, key)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _pragma_key_passphrase(cls, db_handle, passphrase):
+        """
+        Set a passphrase for encryption key derivation.
+
+        The key itself can be a passphrase, which is converted to a key using
+        PBKDF2 key derivation. The result is used as the encryption key for
+        the database. By using this method, there is no way to alter the KDF;
+        if you want to do so you should use a raw key instead and derive the
+        key using your own KDF.
+
+        @param db_handle: A handle to the SQLCipher database.
+        @type db_handle: pysqlcipher.Connection
+        @param passphrase: The passphrase used to derive the encryption key.
+        @type passphrase: str
+        """
+        db_handle.cursor().execute("PRAGMA key = '%s'" % passphrase)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _pragma_key_raw(cls, db_handle, key):
+        """
+        Set a raw hexadecimal encryption key.
+
+        It is possible to specify an exact byte sequence using a blob literal.
+        With this method, it is the calling application's responsibility to
+        ensure that the data provided is a 64 character hex string, which will
+        be converted directly to 32 bytes (256 bits) of key data.
+
+        @param db_handle: A handle to the SQLCipher database.
+        @type db_handle: pysqlcipher.Connection
+        @param key: A 64 character hex string.
+        @type key: str
+        """
+        if not all(c in string.hexdigits for c in key):
+            raise NotAnHexString(key)
+        db_handle.cursor().execute('PRAGMA key = "x\'%s"' % key)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _pragma_cipher(cls, db_handle, cipher='aes-256-cbc'):
+        """
+        Set the cipher and mode to use for symmetric encryption.
+
+        SQLCipher uses aes-256-cbc as the default cipher and mode of
+        operation. It is possible to change this, though not generally
+        recommended, using PRAGMA cipher.
+
+        SQLCipher makes direct use of libssl, so all cipher options available
+        to libssl are also available for use with SQLCipher. See `man enc` for
+        OpenSSL's supported ciphers.
+
+        Implementation Notes:
+
+        * PRAGMA cipher must be called after PRAGMA key and before the first
+          actual database operation or it will have no effect.
+
+        * If a non-default value is used PRAGMA cipher to create a database,
+          it must also be called every time that database is opened.
+
+        * SQLCipher does not implement its own encryption. Instead it uses the
+          widely available and peer-reviewed OpenSSL libcrypto for all
+          cryptographic functions.
+
+        @param db_handle: A handle to the SQLCipher database.
+        @type db_handle: pysqlcipher.Connection
+        @param cipher: The cipher and mode to use.
+        @type cipher: str
+        """
+        db_handle.cursor().execute("PRAGMA cipher = '%s'" % cipher)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _pragma_kdf_iter(cls, db_handle, kdf_iter=4000):
+        """
+        Set the number of iterations for the key derivation function.
+
+        SQLCipher uses PBKDF2 key derivation to strengthen the key and make it
+        resistent to brute force and dictionary attacks. The default
+        configuration uses 4000 PBKDF2 iterations (effectively 16,000 SHA1
+        operations). PRAGMA kdf_iter can be used to increase or decrease the
+        number of iterations used.
+
+        Implementation Notes:
+
+        * PRAGMA kdf_iter must be called after PRAGMA key and before the first
+          actual database operation or it will have no effect.
+
+        * If a non-default value is used PRAGMA kdf_iter to create a database,
+          it must also be called every time that database is opened.
+
+        * It is not recommended to reduce the number of iterations if a
+          passphrase is in use.
+
+        @param db_handle: A handle to the SQLCipher database.
+        @type db_handle: pysqlcipher.Connection
+        @param kdf_iter: The number of iterations to use.
+        @type kdf_iter: int
+        """
+        db_handle.cursor().execute("PRAGMA kdf_iter = '%d'" % kdf_iter)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _pragma_cipher_page_size(cls, db_handle, cipher_page_size=1024):
+        """
+        Set the page size of the encrypted database.
+
+        SQLCipher 2 introduced the new PRAGMA cipher_page_size that can be
+        used to adjust the page size for the encrypted database. The default
+        page size is 1024 bytes, but it can be desirable for some applications
+        to use a larger page size for increased performance. For instance,
+        some recent testing shows that increasing the page size can noticeably
+        improve performance (5-30%) for certain queries that manipulate a
+        large number of pages (e.g. selects without an index, large inserts in
+        a transaction, big deletes).
+
+        To adjust the page size, call the pragma immediately after setting the
+        key for the first time and each subsequent time that you open the
+        database.
+
+        Implementation Notes:
+
+        * PRAGMA cipher_page_size must be called after PRAGMA key and before
+          the first actual database operation or it will have no effect.
+
+        * If a non-default value is used PRAGMA cipher_page_size to create a
+          database, it must also be called every time that database is opened.
+
+        @param db_handle: A handle to the SQLCipher database.
+        @type db_handle: pysqlcipher.Connection
+        @param cipher_page_size: The page size.
+        @type cipher_page_size: int
+        """
+        db_handle.cursor().execute(
+            "PRAGMA cipher_page_size = '%d'" % cipher_page_size)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _pragma_rekey(cls, db_handle, new_key, raw_key):
+        """
+        Change the key of an existing encrypted database.
+
+        To change the key on an existing encrypted database, it must first be
+        unlocked with the current encryption key. Once the database is
+        readable and writeable, PRAGMA rekey can be used to re-encrypt every
+        page in the database with a new key.
+
+        * PRAGMA rekey must be called after PRAGMA key. It can be called at any
+          time once the database is readable.
+
+        * PRAGMA rekey can not be used to encrypted a standard SQLite
+          database! It is only useful for changing the key on an existing
+          database.
+
+        * Previous versions of SQLCipher provided a PRAGMA rekey_cipher and
+          code>PRAGMA rekey_kdf_iter. These are deprecated and should not be
+          used. Instead, use sqlcipher_export().
+
+        @param db_handle: A handle to the SQLCipher database.
+        @type db_handle: pysqlcipher.Connection
+        @param new_key: The new key.
+        @type new_key: str
+        @param raw_key: Whether C{password} is a raw 64-char hex string or a
+            passphrase that should be hashed to obtain the encyrption key.
+        @type raw_key: bool
+        """
+        if raw_key:
+            cls._pragma_rekey_raw(db_handle, key)
+        else:
+            cls._pragma_rekey_passphrase(db_handle, key)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _pragma_rekey_passphrase(cls, db_handle, passphrase):
+        """
+        Change the passphrase for encryption key derivation.
+
+        The key itself can be a passphrase, which is converted to a key using
+        PBKDF2 key derivation. The result is used as the encryption key for
+        the database.
+
+        @param db_handle: A handle to the SQLCipher database.
+        @type db_handle: pysqlcipher.Connection
+        @param passphrase: The passphrase used to derive the encryption key.
+        @type passphrase: str
+        """
+        db_handle.cursor().execute("PRAGMA rekey = '%s'" % passphrase)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _pragma_rekey_raw(cls, db_handle, key):
+        """
+        Change the raw hexadecimal encryption key.
+
+        It is possible to specify an exact byte sequence using a blob literal.
+        With this method, it is the calling application's responsibility to
+        ensure that the data provided is a 64 character hex string, which will
+        be converted directly to 32 bytes (256 bits) of key data.
+
+        @param db_handle: A handle to the SQLCipher database.
+        @type db_handle: pysqlcipher.Connection
+        @param key: A 64 character hex string.
+        @type key: str
+        """
+        if not all(c in string.hexdigits for c in key):
+            raise NotAnHexString(key)
+        db_handle.cursor().execute('PRAGMA rekey = "x\'%s"' % passphrase)
+
+
+sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase.register_implementation(SQLCipherDatabase)
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/target.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/target.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b7aa8c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/target.py
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# target.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013 LEAP
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+"""
+A U1DB backend for encrypting data before sending to server and decrypting
+after receiving.
+"""
+
+import simplejson as json
+import hashlib
+import hmac
+import binascii
+
+
+from u1db.remote import utils
+from u1db.errors import BrokenSyncStream
+from u1db.remote.http_target import HTTPSyncTarget
+
+
+from leap.soledad import soledad_assert
+from leap.soledad.document import SoledadDocument
+from leap.soledad.crypto import (
+    EncryptionMethods,
+    UnknownEncryptionMethod,
+)
+from leap.soledad.auth import TokenBasedAuth
+
+
+#
+# Exceptions
+#
+
+class DocumentNotEncrypted(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised for failures in document encryption.
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class UnknownEncryptionScheme(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised when trying to decrypt from unknown encryption schemes.
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class UnknownMacMethod(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised when trying to authenticate document's content with unknown MAC
+    mehtod.
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class WrongMac(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised when failing to authenticate document's contents based on MAC.
+    """
+
+
+#
+# Encryption schemes used for encryption.
+#
+
+class EncryptionSchemes(object):
+    """
+    Representation of encryption schemes used to encrypt documents.
+    """
+
+    NONE = 'none'
+    SYMKEY = 'symkey'
+    PUBKEY = 'pubkey'
+
+
+class MacMethods(object):
+    """
+    Representation of MAC methods used to authenticate document's contents.
+    """
+
+    HMAC = 'hmac'
+
+
+#
+# Crypto utilities for a SoledadDocument.
+#
+
+ENC_JSON_KEY = '_enc_json'
+ENC_SCHEME_KEY = '_enc_scheme'
+ENC_METHOD_KEY = '_enc_method'
+ENC_IV_KEY = '_enc_iv'
+MAC_KEY = '_mac'
+MAC_METHOD_KEY = '_mac_method'
+
+
+def mac_doc(crypto, doc_id, doc_rev, ciphertext, mac_method):
+    """
+    Calculate a MAC for C{doc} using C{ciphertext}.
+
+    Current MAC method used is HMAC, with the following parameters:
+
+        * key: sha256(storage_secret, doc_id)
+        * msg: doc_id + doc_rev + ciphertext
+        * digestmod: sha256
+
+    @param crypto: A SoledadCryto instance used to perform the encryption.
+    @type crypto: leap.soledad.crypto.SoledadCrypto
+    @param doc_id: The id of the document.
+    @type doc_id: str
+    @param doc_rev: The revision of the document.
+    @type doc_rev: str
+    @param ciphertext: The content of the document.
+    @type ciphertext: str
+    @param mac_method: The MAC method to use.
+    @type mac_method: str
+
+    @return: The calculated MAC.
+    @rtype: str
+    """
+    if mac_method == MacMethods.HMAC:
+        return hmac.new(
+            crypto.doc_mac_key(doc_id),
+            str(doc_id) + str(doc_rev) + ciphertext,
+            hashlib.sha256).digest()
+    # raise if we do not know how to handle this MAC method
+    raise UnknownMacMethod('Unknown MAC method: %s.' % mac_method)
+
+
+def encrypt_doc(crypto, doc):
+    """
+    Encrypt C{doc}'s content.
+
+    Encrypt doc's contents using AES-256 CTR mode and return a valid JSON
+    string representing the following:
+
+        {
+            ENC_JSON_KEY: '<encrypted doc JSON string>',
+            ENC_SCHEME_KEY: 'symkey',
+            ENC_METHOD_KEY: EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR,
+            ENC_IV_KEY: '<the initial value used to encrypt>',
+            MAC_KEY: '<mac>'
+            MAC_METHOD_KEY: 'hmac'
+        }
+
+    @param crypto: A SoledadCryto instance used to perform the encryption.
+    @type crypto: leap.soledad.crypto.SoledadCrypto
+    @param doc: The document with contents to be encrypted.
+    @type doc: SoledadDocument
+
+    @return: The JSON serialization of the dict representing the encrypted
+        content.
+    @rtype: str
+    """
+    soledad_assert(doc.is_tombstone() is False)
+    # encrypt content using AES-256 CTR mode
+    iv, ciphertext = crypto.encrypt_sym(
+        doc.get_json(),
+        crypto.doc_passphrase(doc.doc_id),
+        method=EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR)
+    # Return a representation for the encrypted content. In the following, we
+    # convert binary data to hexadecimal representation so the JSON
+    # serialization does not complain about what it tries to serialize.
+    hex_ciphertext = binascii.b2a_hex(ciphertext)
+    return json.dumps({
+        ENC_JSON_KEY: hex_ciphertext,
+        ENC_SCHEME_KEY: EncryptionSchemes.SYMKEY,
+        ENC_METHOD_KEY: EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR,
+        ENC_IV_KEY: iv,
+        MAC_KEY: binascii.b2a_hex(mac_doc(  # store the mac as hex.
+            crypto, doc.doc_id, doc.rev,
+            ciphertext,
+            MacMethods.HMAC)),
+        MAC_METHOD_KEY: MacMethods.HMAC,
+    })
+
+
+def decrypt_doc(crypto, doc):
+    """
+    Decrypt C{doc}'s content.
+
+    Return the JSON string representation of the document's decrypted content.
+
+    The content of the document should have the following structure:
+
+        {
+            ENC_JSON_KEY: '<enc_blob>',
+            ENC_SCHEME_KEY: '<enc_scheme>',
+            ENC_METHOD_KEY: '<enc_method>',
+            ENC_IV_KEY: '<initial value used to encrypt>',  # (optional)
+            MAC_KEY: '<mac>'
+            MAC_METHOD_KEY: 'hmac'
+        }
+
+    C{enc_blob} is the encryption of the JSON serialization of the document's
+    content. For now Soledad just deals with documents whose C{enc_scheme} is
+    EncryptionSchemes.SYMKEY and C{enc_method} is
+    EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR.
+
+    @param crypto: A SoledadCryto instance to perform the encryption.
+    @type crypto: leap.soledad.crypto.SoledadCrypto
+    @param doc: The document to be decrypted.
+    @type doc: SoledadDocument
+
+    @return: The JSON serialization of the decrypted content.
+    @rtype: str
+    """
+    soledad_assert(doc.is_tombstone() is False)
+    soledad_assert(ENC_JSON_KEY in doc.content)
+    soledad_assert(ENC_SCHEME_KEY in doc.content)
+    soledad_assert(ENC_METHOD_KEY in doc.content)
+    soledad_assert(MAC_KEY in doc.content)
+    soledad_assert(MAC_METHOD_KEY in doc.content)
+    # verify MAC
+    ciphertext = binascii.a2b_hex(  # content is stored as hex.
+        doc.content[ENC_JSON_KEY])
+    mac = mac_doc(
+        crypto, doc.doc_id, doc.rev,
+        ciphertext,
+        doc.content[MAC_METHOD_KEY])
+    if binascii.a2b_hex(doc.content[MAC_KEY]) != mac:  # mac is stored as hex.
+        raise WrongMac('Could not authenticate document\'s contents.')
+    # decrypt doc's content
+    enc_scheme = doc.content[ENC_SCHEME_KEY]
+    plainjson = None
+    if enc_scheme == EncryptionSchemes.SYMKEY:
+        enc_method = doc.content[ENC_METHOD_KEY]
+        if enc_method == EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR:
+            soledad_assert(ENC_IV_KEY in doc.content)
+            plainjson = crypto.decrypt_sym(
+                ciphertext,
+                crypto.doc_passphrase(doc.doc_id),
+                method=enc_method,
+                iv=doc.content[ENC_IV_KEY])
+        else:
+            raise UnknownEncryptionMethod(enc_method)
+    else:
+        raise UnknownEncryptionScheme(enc_scheme)
+    return plainjson
+
+
+#
+# SoledadSyncTarget
+#
+
+class SoledadSyncTarget(HTTPSyncTarget, TokenBasedAuth):
+    """
+    A SyncTarget that encrypts data before sending and decrypts data after
+    receiving.
+    """
+
+    #
+    # Token auth methods.
+    #
+
+    def set_token_credentials(self, uuid, token):
+        """
+        Store given credentials so we can sign the request later.
+
+        @param uuid: The user's uuid.
+        @type uuid: str
+        @param token: The authentication token.
+        @type token: str
+        """
+        TokenBasedAuth.set_token_credentials(self, uuid, token)
+
+    def _sign_request(self, method, url_query, params):
+        """
+        Return an authorization header to be included in the HTTP request.
+
+        @param method: The HTTP method.
+        @type method: str
+        @param url_query: The URL query string.
+        @type url_query: str
+        @param params: A list with encoded query parameters.
+        @type param: list
+
+        @return: The Authorization header.
+        @rtype: list of tuple
+        """
+        return TokenBasedAuth._sign_request(self, method, url_query, params)
+
+    #
+    # Modified HTTPSyncTarget methods.
+    #
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def connect(url, crypto=None):
+        return SoledadSyncTarget(url, crypto=crypto)
+
+    def __init__(self, url, creds=None, crypto=None):
+        """
+        Initialize the SoledadSyncTarget.
+
+        @param url: The url of the target replica to sync with.
+        @type url: str
+        @param creds: optional dictionary giving credentials.
+            to authorize the operation with the server.
+        @type creds: dict
+        @param soledad: An instance of Soledad so we can encrypt/decrypt
+            document contents when syncing.
+        @type soledad: soledad.Soledad
+        """
+        HTTPSyncTarget.__init__(self, url, creds)
+        self._crypto = crypto
+
+    def _parse_sync_stream(self, data, return_doc_cb, ensure_callback=None):
+        """
+        Parse incoming synchronization stream and insert documents in the
+        local database.
+
+        If an incoming document's encryption scheme is equal to
+        EncryptionSchemes.SYMKEY, then this method will decrypt it with
+        Soledad's symmetric key.
+
+        @param data: The body of the HTTP response.
+        @type data: str
+        @param return_doc_cb: A callback to insert docs from target.
+        @type return_doc_cb: function
+        @param ensure_callback: A callback to ensure we have the correct
+            target_replica_uid, if it was just created.
+        @type ensure_callback: function
+
+        @raise BrokenSyncStream: If C{data} is malformed.
+
+        @return: A dictionary representing the first line of the response got
+            from remote replica.
+        @rtype: list of str
+        """
+        parts = data.splitlines()  # one at a time
+        if not parts or parts[0] != '[':
+            raise BrokenSyncStream
+        data = parts[1:-1]
+        comma = False
+        if data:
+            line, comma = utils.check_and_strip_comma(data[0])
+            res = json.loads(line)
+            if ensure_callback and 'replica_uid' in res:
+                ensure_callback(res['replica_uid'])
+            for entry in data[1:]:
+                if not comma:  # missing in between comma
+                    raise BrokenSyncStream
+                line, comma = utils.check_and_strip_comma(entry)
+                entry = json.loads(line)
+                #-------------------------------------------------------------
+                # symmetric decryption of document's contents
+                #-------------------------------------------------------------
+                # if arriving content was symmetrically encrypted, we decrypt
+                # it.
+                doc = SoledadDocument(entry['id'], entry['rev'], entry['content'])
+                if doc.content and ENC_SCHEME_KEY in doc.content:
+                    if doc.content[ENC_SCHEME_KEY] == \
+                            EncryptionSchemes.SYMKEY:
+                        doc.set_json(decrypt_doc(self._crypto, doc))
+                #-------------------------------------------------------------
+                # end of symmetric decryption
+                #-------------------------------------------------------------
+                return_doc_cb(doc, entry['gen'], entry['trans_id'])
+        if parts[-1] != ']':
+            try:
+                partdic = json.loads(parts[-1])
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if isinstance(partdic, dict):
+                    self._error(partdic)
+            raise BrokenSyncStream
+        if not data or comma:  # no entries or bad extra comma
+            raise BrokenSyncStream
+        return res
+
+    def sync_exchange(self, docs_by_generations, source_replica_uid,
+                      last_known_generation, last_known_trans_id,
+                      return_doc_cb, ensure_callback=None):
+        """
+        Find out which documents the remote database does not know about,
+        encrypt and send them.
+
+        This does the same as the parent's method but encrypts content before
+        syncing.
+
+        @param docs_by_generations: A list of (doc_id, generation, trans_id)
+            of local documents that were changed since the last local
+            generation the remote replica knows about.
+        @type docs_by_generations: list of tuples
+        @param source_replica_uid: The uid of the source replica.
+        @type source_replica_uid: str
+        @param last_known_generation: Target's last known generation.
+        @type last_known_generation: int
+        @param last_known_trans_id: Target's last known transaction id.
+        @type last_known_trans_id: str
+        @param return_doc_cb: A callback for inserting received documents from
+            target.
+        @type return_doc_cb: function
+        @param ensure_callback: A callback that ensures we know the target
+            replica uid if the target replica was just created.
+        @type ensure_callback: function
+
+        @return: The new generation and transaction id of the target replica.
+        @rtype: tuple
+        """
+        self._ensure_connection()
+        if self._trace_hook:  # for tests
+            self._trace_hook('sync_exchange')
+        url = '%s/sync-from/%s' % (self._url.path, source_replica_uid)
+        self._conn.putrequest('POST', url)
+        self._conn.putheader('content-type', 'application/x-u1db-sync-stream')
+        for header_name, header_value in self._sign_request('POST', url, {}):
+            self._conn.putheader(header_name, header_value)
+        entries = ['[']
+        size = 1
+
+        def prepare(**dic):
+            entry = comma + '\r\n' + json.dumps(dic)
+            entries.append(entry)
+            return len(entry)
+
+        comma = ''
+        size += prepare(
+            last_known_generation=last_known_generation,
+            last_known_trans_id=last_known_trans_id,
+            ensure=ensure_callback is not None)
+        comma = ','
+        for doc, gen, trans_id in docs_by_generations:
+            # skip non-syncable docs
+            if isinstance(doc, SoledadDocument) and not doc.syncable:
+                continue
+            #-------------------------------------------------------------
+            # symmetric encryption of document's contents
+            #-------------------------------------------------------------
+            doc_json = doc.get_json()
+            if not doc.is_tombstone():
+                doc_json = encrypt_doc(self._crypto, doc)
+            #-------------------------------------------------------------
+            # end of symmetric encryption
+            #-------------------------------------------------------------
+            size += prepare(id=doc.doc_id, rev=doc.rev,
+                            content=doc_json,
+                            gen=gen, trans_id=trans_id)
+        entries.append('\r\n]')
+        size += len(entries[-1])
+        self._conn.putheader('content-length', str(size))
+        self._conn.endheaders()
+        for entry in entries:
+            self._conn.send(entry)
+        entries = None
+        data, _ = self._response()
+        res = self._parse_sync_stream(data, return_doc_cb, ensure_callback)
+        data = None
+        return res['new_generation'], res['new_transaction_id']
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/__init__.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b33f866c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+"""
+Tests to make sure Soledad provides U1DB functionality and more.
+"""
+
+import os
+import u1db
+from mock import Mock
+
+
+from leap.soledad import Soledad
+from leap.soledad.document import SoledadDocument
+from leap.soledad.crypto import SoledadCrypto
+from leap.soledad.target import (
+    decrypt_doc,
+    ENC_SCHEME_KEY,
+)
+from leap.common.testing.basetest import BaseLeapTest
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Some tests inherit from BaseSoledadTest in order to have a working Soledad
+# instance in each test.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ADDRESS = 'leap@leap.se'
+
+
+class BaseSoledadTest(BaseLeapTest):
+    """
+    Instantiates Soledad for usage in tests.
+    """
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        # config info
+        self.db1_file = os.path.join(self.tempdir, "db1.u1db")
+        self.db2_file = os.path.join(self.tempdir, "db2.u1db")
+        self.email = ADDRESS
+        # open test dbs
+        self._db1 = u1db.open(self.db1_file, create=True,
+                              document_factory=SoledadDocument)
+        self._db2 = u1db.open(self.db2_file, create=True,
+                              document_factory=SoledadDocument)
+        # initialize soledad by hand so we can control keys
+        self._soledad = self._soledad_instance(user=self.email)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self._db1.close()
+        self._db2.close()
+        for f in [self._soledad._local_db_path, self._soledad._secrets_path]:
+            if os.path.isfile(f):
+                os.unlink(f)
+        self._soledad.close()
+
+    def _soledad_instance(self, user=ADDRESS, passphrase='123',
+                          prefix='',
+                          secrets_path=Soledad.STORAGE_SECRETS_FILE_NAME,
+                          local_db_path='soledad.u1db', server_url='',
+                          cert_file=None, secret_id=None):
+
+        def _put_doc_side_effect(doc):
+            self._doc_put = doc
+
+        class MockSharedDB(object):
+
+            get_doc = Mock(return_value=None)
+            put_doc = Mock(side_effect=_put_doc_side_effect)
+
+            def __call__(self):
+                return self
+
+        Soledad._shared_db = MockSharedDB()
+        return Soledad(
+            user,
+            passphrase,
+            secrets_path=os.path.join(self.tempdir, prefix, secrets_path),
+            local_db_path=os.path.join(
+                self.tempdir, prefix, local_db_path),
+            server_url=server_url,  # Soledad will fail if not given an url.
+            cert_file=cert_file,
+            secret_id=secret_id)
+
+    def assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            self, db, doc_id, doc_rev, content, has_conflicts):
+        """
+        Assert that the document in the database looks correct.
+        """
+        exp_doc = self.make_document(doc_id, doc_rev, content,
+                                     has_conflicts=has_conflicts)
+        doc = db.get_doc(doc_id)
+        if ENC_SCHEME_KEY in doc.content:
+            doc.set_json(decrypt_doc(self._soledad._crypto, doc))
+        self.assertEqual(exp_doc.doc_id, doc.doc_id)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_doc.rev, doc.rev)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_doc.has_conflicts, doc.has_conflicts)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_doc.content, doc.content)
+
+
+# Key material for testing
+KEY_FINGERPRINT = "E36E738D69173C13D709E44F2F455E2824D18DDF"
+PUBLIC_KEY = """
+-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
+Version: GnuPG v1.4.10 (GNU/Linux)
+
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+=MuOY
+-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
+"""
+PRIVATE_KEY = """
+-----BEGIN PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK-----
+Version: GnuPG v1.4.10 (GNU/Linux)
+
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+KXpIgdinM/wUzHJ5pZyF2U/qejsRj8Kw8KH/tfX4JCLhiaP/mgeTuWGDHeZQERAT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+=JTFu
+-----END PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK-----
+"""
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/couchdb.ini.template b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/couchdb.ini.template
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d0316f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/couchdb.ini.template
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+; etc/couchdb/default.ini.tpl.  Generated from default.ini.tpl.in by configure.
+
+; Upgrading CouchDB will overwrite this file.
+
+[couchdb]
+database_dir = %(tempdir)s/lib
+view_index_dir = %(tempdir)s/lib
+max_document_size = 4294967296 ; 4 GB
+os_process_timeout = 5000 ; 5 seconds. for view and external servers.
+max_dbs_open = 100
+delayed_commits = true ; set this to false to ensure an fsync before 201 Created is returned
+uri_file = %(tempdir)s/lib/couch.uri
+file_compression = snappy
+
+[database_compaction]
+; larger buffer sizes can originate smaller files
+doc_buffer_size = 524288 ; value in bytes
+checkpoint_after = 5242880 ; checkpoint after every N bytes were written
+
+[view_compaction]
+; larger buffer sizes can originate smaller files
+keyvalue_buffer_size = 2097152 ; value in bytes
+
+[httpd]
+port = 0
+bind_address = 127.0.0.1
+authentication_handlers = {couch_httpd_oauth, oauth_authentication_handler}, {couch_httpd_auth, cookie_authentication_handler}, {couch_httpd_auth, default_authentication_handler}
+default_handler = {couch_httpd_db, handle_request}
+secure_rewrites = true
+vhost_global_handlers = _utils, _uuids, _session, _oauth, _users
+allow_jsonp = false
+; Options for the MochiWeb HTTP server.
+;server_options = [{backlog, 128}, {acceptor_pool_size, 16}]
+; For more socket options, consult Erlang's module 'inet' man page.
+;socket_options = [{recbuf, 262144}, {sndbuf, 262144}, {nodelay, true}]
+log_max_chunk_size = 1000000
+
+[log]
+file = %(tempdir)s/log/couch.log
+level = info
+include_sasl = true
+
+[couch_httpd_auth]
+authentication_db = _users
+authentication_redirect = /_utils/session.html
+require_valid_user = false
+timeout = 600 ; number of seconds before automatic logout
+auth_cache_size = 50 ; size is number of cache entries
+allow_persistent_cookies = false ; set to true to allow persistent cookies
+
+[couch_httpd_oauth]
+; If set to 'true', oauth token and consumer secrets will be looked up
+; in the authentication database (_users). These secrets are stored in
+; a top level property named "oauth" in user documents. Example:
+;     {
+;         "_id": "org.couchdb.user:joe",
+;         "type": "user",
+;         "name": "joe",
+;         "password_sha": "fe95df1ca59a9b567bdca5cbaf8412abd6e06121",
+;         "salt": "4e170ffeb6f34daecfd814dfb4001a73"
+;         "roles": ["foo", "bar"],
+;         "oauth": {
+;             "consumer_keys": {
+;                 "consumerKey1": "key1Secret",
+;                 "consumerKey2": "key2Secret"
+;             },
+;             "tokens": {
+;                 "token1": "token1Secret",
+;                 "token2": "token2Secret"
+;             }
+;         }
+;     }
+use_users_db = false
+
+[query_servers]
+; javascript = %(tempdir)s/server/main.js
+
+
+; Changing reduce_limit to false will disable reduce_limit.
+; If you think you're hitting reduce_limit with a "good" reduce function,
+; please let us know on the mailing list so we can fine tune the heuristic.
+[query_server_config]
+reduce_limit = true
+os_process_limit = 25
+
+[daemons]
+view_manager={couch_view, start_link, []}
+external_manager={couch_external_manager, start_link, []}
+query_servers={couch_query_servers, start_link, []}
+vhosts={couch_httpd_vhost, start_link, []}
+httpd={couch_httpd, start_link, []}
+stats_aggregator={couch_stats_aggregator, start, []}
+stats_collector={couch_stats_collector, start, []}
+uuids={couch_uuids, start, []}
+auth_cache={couch_auth_cache, start_link, []}
+replication_manager={couch_replication_manager, start_link, []}
+os_daemons={couch_os_daemons, start_link, []}
+compaction_daemon={couch_compaction_daemon, start_link, []}
+
+[httpd_global_handlers]
+/ = {couch_httpd_misc_handlers, handle_welcome_req, <<"Welcome">>}
+
+_all_dbs = {couch_httpd_misc_handlers, handle_all_dbs_req}
+_active_tasks = {couch_httpd_misc_handlers, handle_task_status_req}
+_config = {couch_httpd_misc_handlers, handle_config_req}
+_replicate = {couch_httpd_replicator, handle_req}
+_uuids = {couch_httpd_misc_handlers, handle_uuids_req}
+_restart = {couch_httpd_misc_handlers, handle_restart_req}
+_stats = {couch_httpd_stats_handlers, handle_stats_req}
+_log = {couch_httpd_misc_handlers, handle_log_req}
+_session = {couch_httpd_auth, handle_session_req}
+_oauth = {couch_httpd_oauth, handle_oauth_req}
+
+[httpd_db_handlers]
+_view_cleanup = {couch_httpd_db, handle_view_cleanup_req}
+_compact = {couch_httpd_db, handle_compact_req}
+_design = {couch_httpd_db, handle_design_req}
+_temp_view = {couch_httpd_view, handle_temp_view_req}
+_changes = {couch_httpd_db, handle_changes_req}
+
+; The external module takes an optional argument allowing you to narrow it to a
+; single script. Otherwise the script name is inferred from the first path section
+; after _external's own path.
+; _mypath = {couch_httpd_external, handle_external_req, <<"mykey">>}
+; _external = {couch_httpd_external, handle_external_req}
+
+[httpd_design_handlers]
+_view = {couch_httpd_view, handle_view_req}
+_show = {couch_httpd_show, handle_doc_show_req}
+_list = {couch_httpd_show, handle_view_list_req}
+_info = {couch_httpd_db,   handle_design_info_req}
+_rewrite = {couch_httpd_rewrite, handle_rewrite_req}
+_update = {couch_httpd_show, handle_doc_update_req}
+
+; enable external as an httpd handler, then link it with commands here.
+; note, this api is still under consideration.
+; [external]
+; mykey = /path/to/mycommand
+
+; Here you can setup commands for CouchDB to manage
+; while it is alive. It will attempt to keep each command
+; alive if it exits.
+; [os_daemons]
+; some_daemon_name = /path/to/script -with args
+
+
+[uuids]
+; Known algorithms:
+;   random - 128 bits of random awesome
+;     All awesome, all the time.
+;   sequential - monotonically increasing ids with random increments
+;     First 26 hex characters are random. Last 6 increment in
+;     random amounts until an overflow occurs. On overflow, the
+;     random prefix is regenerated and the process starts over.
+;   utc_random - Time since Jan 1, 1970 UTC with microseconds
+;     First 14 characters are the time in hex. Last 18 are random.
+algorithm = sequential
+
+[stats]
+; rate is in milliseconds
+rate = 1000
+; sample intervals are in seconds
+samples = [0, 60, 300, 900]
+
+[attachments]
+compression_level = 8 ; from 1 (lowest, fastest) to 9 (highest, slowest), 0 to disable compression
+compressible_types = text/*, application/javascript, application/json, application/xml
+
+[replicator]
+db = _replicator
+; Maximum replicaton retry count can be a non-negative integer or "infinity".
+max_replication_retry_count = 10
+; More worker processes can give higher network throughput but can also
+; imply more disk and network IO.
+worker_processes = 4
+; With lower batch sizes checkpoints are done more frequently. Lower batch sizes
+; also reduce the total amount of used RAM memory.
+worker_batch_size = 500
+; Maximum number of HTTP connections per replication.
+http_connections = 20
+; HTTP connection timeout per replication.
+; Even for very fast/reliable networks it might need to be increased if a remote
+; database is too busy.
+connection_timeout = 30000
+; If a request fails, the replicator will retry it up to N times.
+retries_per_request = 10
+; Some socket options that might boost performance in some scenarios:
+;       {nodelay, boolean()}
+;       {sndbuf, integer()}
+;       {recbuf, integer()}
+;       {priority, integer()}
+; See the `inet` Erlang module's man page for the full list of options.
+socket_options = [{keepalive, true}, {nodelay, false}]
+; Path to a file containing the user's certificate.
+;cert_file = /full/path/to/server_cert.pem
+; Path to file containing user's private PEM encoded key.
+;key_file = /full/path/to/server_key.pem
+; String containing the user's password. Only used if the private keyfile is password protected. 
+;password = somepassword
+; Set to true to validate peer certificates.
+verify_ssl_certificates = false
+; File containing a list of peer trusted certificates (in the PEM format).
+;ssl_trusted_certificates_file = /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
+; Maximum peer certificate depth (must be set even if certificate validation is off).
+ssl_certificate_max_depth = 3
+
+[compaction_daemon]
+; The delay, in seconds, between each check for which database and view indexes
+; need to be compacted.
+check_interval = 300
+; If a database or view index file is smaller then this value (in bytes),
+; compaction will not happen. Very small files always have a very high
+; fragmentation therefore it's not worth to compact them.
+min_file_size = 131072
+
+[compactions]
+; List of compaction rules for the compaction daemon.
+
+
+;[admins]
+;testuser = -hashed-f50a252c12615697c5ed24ec5cd56b05d66fe91e,b05471ba260132953930cf9f97f327f5
+; pass for above user is 'testpass'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_couch.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_couch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dcf4432d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_couch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# test_couch.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013 LEAP
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+"""
+Test ObjectStore and Couch backend bits.
+"""
+
+import re
+import copy
+import shutil
+from base64 import b64decode
+
+from leap.common.files import mkdir_p
+
+from leap.soledad_server import couch
+from leap.soledad.tests import u1db_tests as tests
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import test_backends
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import test_sync
+import simplejson as json
+from leap.soledad.document import SoledadDocument
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# A wrapper for running couchdb locally.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+import re
+import os
+import tempfile
+import subprocess
+import time
+import unittest
+
+
+# from: https://github.com/smcq/paisley/blob/master/paisley/test/util.py
+# TODO: include license of above project.
+class CouchDBWrapper(object):
+    """
+    Wrapper for external CouchDB instance which is started and stopped for
+    testing.
+    """
+
+    def start(self):
+        """
+        Start a CouchDB instance for a test.
+        """
+        self.tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix='.couch.test')
+
+        path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
+                            'couchdb.ini.template')
+        handle = open(path)
+        conf = handle.read() % {
+            'tempdir': self.tempdir,
+        }
+        handle.close()
+
+        confPath = os.path.join(self.tempdir, 'test.ini')
+        handle = open(confPath, 'w')
+        handle.write(conf)
+        handle.close()
+
+        # create the dirs from the template
+        mkdir_p(os.path.join(self.tempdir, 'lib'))
+        mkdir_p(os.path.join(self.tempdir, 'log'))
+        args = ['couchdb', '-n', '-a', confPath]
+        #null = open('/dev/null', 'w')
+        self.process = subprocess.Popen(
+            args, env=None, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+            close_fds=True)
+        # find port
+        logPath = os.path.join(self.tempdir, 'log', 'couch.log')
+        while not os.path.exists(logPath):
+            if self.process.poll() is not None:
+                raise Exception("""
+couchdb exited with code %d.
+stdout:
+%s
+stderr:
+%s""" % (
+                    self.process.returncode, self.process.stdout.read(),
+                    self.process.stderr.read()))
+            time.sleep(0.01)
+        while os.stat(logPath).st_size == 0:
+            time.sleep(0.01)
+        PORT_RE = re.compile(
+            'Apache CouchDB has started on http://127.0.0.1:(?P<port>\d+)')
+
+        handle = open(logPath)
+        line = handle.read()
+        handle.close()
+        m = PORT_RE.search(line)
+        if not m:
+            self.stop()
+            raise Exception("Cannot find port in line %s" % line)
+        self.port = int(m.group('port'))
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """
+        Terminate the CouchDB instance.
+        """
+        self.process.terminate()
+        self.process.communicate()
+        shutil.rmtree(self.tempdir)
+
+
+class CouchDBTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    """
+    TestCase base class for tests against a real CouchDB server.
+    """
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        """
+        Make sure we have a CouchDB instance for a test.
+        """
+        self.wrapper = CouchDBWrapper()
+        self.wrapper.start()
+        #self.db = self.wrapper.db
+        unittest.TestCase.setUp(self)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        """
+        Stop CouchDB instance for test.
+        """
+        self.wrapper.stop()
+        unittest.TestCase.tearDown(self)
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_common_backend`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestCouchBackendImpl(CouchDBTestCase):
+
+    def test__allocate_doc_id(self):
+        db = couch.CouchDatabase('http://localhost:' + str(self.wrapper.port),
+                                 'u1db_tests')
+        doc_id1 = db._allocate_doc_id()
+        self.assertTrue(doc_id1.startswith('D-'))
+        self.assertEqual(34, len(doc_id1))
+        int(doc_id1[len('D-'):], 16)
+        self.assertNotEqual(doc_id1, db._allocate_doc_id())
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_backends`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def make_couch_database_for_test(test, replica_uid):
+    port = str(test.wrapper.port)
+    return couch.CouchDatabase('http://localhost:' + port, replica_uid,
+                               replica_uid=replica_uid or 'test')
+
+
+def copy_couch_database_for_test(test, db):
+    port = str(test.wrapper.port)
+    new_db = couch.CouchDatabase('http://localhost:' + port,
+                                 db._replica_uid + '_copy',
+                                 replica_uid=db._replica_uid or 'test')
+    gen, docs = db.get_all_docs(include_deleted=True)
+    for doc in docs:
+        new_db._put_doc(doc)
+    new_db._transaction_log = copy.deepcopy(db._transaction_log)
+    new_db._conflicts = copy.deepcopy(db._conflicts)
+    new_db._other_generations = copy.deepcopy(db._other_generations)
+    new_db._indexes = copy.deepcopy(db._indexes)
+    new_db._store_u1db_data()
+    return new_db
+
+
+def make_document_for_test(test, doc_id, rev, content, has_conflicts=False):
+    return SoledadDocument(doc_id, rev, content, has_conflicts=has_conflicts)
+
+
+COUCH_SCENARIOS = [
+    ('couch', {'make_database_for_test': make_couch_database_for_test,
+               'copy_database_for_test': copy_couch_database_for_test,
+               'make_document_for_test': make_document_for_test, }),
+]
+
+
+class CouchTests(test_backends.AllDatabaseTests, CouchDBTestCase):
+
+    scenarios = COUCH_SCENARIOS
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.db.delete_database()
+        test_backends.AllDatabaseTests.tearDown(self)
+
+
+class CouchDatabaseTests(test_backends.LocalDatabaseTests, CouchDBTestCase):
+
+    scenarios = COUCH_SCENARIOS
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.db.delete_database()
+        test_backends.LocalDatabaseTests.tearDown(self)
+
+
+class CouchValidateGenNTransIdTests(
+        test_backends.LocalDatabaseValidateGenNTransIdTests, CouchDBTestCase):
+
+    scenarios = COUCH_SCENARIOS
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.db.delete_database()
+        test_backends.LocalDatabaseValidateGenNTransIdTests.tearDown(self)
+
+
+class CouchValidateSourceGenTests(
+        test_backends.LocalDatabaseValidateSourceGenTests, CouchDBTestCase):
+
+    scenarios = COUCH_SCENARIOS
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.db.delete_database()
+        test_backends.LocalDatabaseValidateSourceGenTests.tearDown(self)
+
+
+class CouchWithConflictsTests(
+        test_backends.LocalDatabaseWithConflictsTests, CouchDBTestCase):
+
+    scenarios = COUCH_SCENARIOS
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.db.delete_database()
+        test_backends.LocalDatabaseWithConflictsTests.tearDown(self)
+
+
+# Notice: the CouchDB backend is currently used for storing encrypted data in
+# the server, so indexing makes no sense. Thus, we ignore index testing for
+# now.
+
+class CouchIndexTests(test_backends.DatabaseIndexTests, CouchDBTestCase):
+
+    scenarios = COUCH_SCENARIOS
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.db.delete_database()
+        test_backends.DatabaseIndexTests.tearDown(self)
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_sync`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+target_scenarios = [
+    ('local', {'create_db_and_target': test_sync._make_local_db_and_target}), ]
+
+
+simple_doc = tests.simple_doc
+nested_doc = tests.nested_doc
+
+
+class CouchDatabaseSyncTargetTests(test_sync.DatabaseSyncTargetTests,
+                                   CouchDBTestCase):
+
+    scenarios = (tests.multiply_scenarios(COUCH_SCENARIOS, target_scenarios))
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.db.delete_database()
+        test_sync.DatabaseSyncTargetTests.tearDown(self)
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_returns_many_new_docs(self):
+        # This test was replicated to allow dictionaries to be compared after
+        # JSON expansion (because one dictionary may have many different
+        # serialized representations).
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id, doc2.doc_id], self.db)
+        new_gen, _ = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            [], 'other-replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id, doc2.doc_id], self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(2, new_gen)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev, json.loads(simple_doc), 1),
+             (doc2.doc_id, doc2.rev, json.loads(nested_doc), 2)],
+            [c[:-3] + (json.loads(c[-3]), c[-2]) for c in self.other_changes])
+        if self.whitebox:
+            self.assertEqual(
+                self.db._last_exchange_log['return'],
+                {'last_gen': 2, 'docs':
+                 [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev), (doc2.doc_id, doc2.rev)]})
+
+
+sync_scenarios = []
+for name, scenario in COUCH_SCENARIOS:
+    scenario = dict(scenario)
+    scenario['do_sync'] = test_sync.sync_via_synchronizer
+    sync_scenarios.append((name, scenario))
+    scenario = dict(scenario)
+
+
+class CouchDatabaseSyncTests(test_sync.DatabaseSyncTests, CouchDBTestCase):
+
+    scenarios = sync_scenarios
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.db = None
+        self.db1 = None
+        self.db2 = None
+        self.db3 = None
+        test_sync.DatabaseSyncTests.setUp(self)
+        CouchDBTestCase.setUp(self)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.db and self.db.delete_database()
+        self.db1 and self.db1.delete_database()
+        self.db2 and self.db2.delete_database()
+        self.db3 and self.db3.delete_database()
+        db = self.create_database('test1_copy', 'source')
+        db.delete_database()
+        db = self.create_database('test2_copy', 'target')
+        db.delete_database()
+        db = self.create_database('test3', 'target')
+        db.delete_database()
+        test_sync.DatabaseSyncTests.tearDown(self)
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests test extra functionality introduced by our backends
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class CouchDatabaseStorageTests(CouchDBTestCase):
+
+    def _listify(self, l):
+        if type(l) is dict:
+            return {
+                self._listify(a): self._listify(b) for a, b in l.iteritems()}
+        if hasattr(l, '__iter__'):
+            return [self._listify(i) for i in l]
+        return l
+
+    def _fetch_u1db_data(self, db):
+        cdoc = db._database.get(db.U1DB_DATA_DOC_ID)
+        jsonstr = db._database.get_attachment(cdoc, 'u1db_json').getvalue()
+        return json.loads(jsonstr)
+
+    def test_transaction_log_storage_after_put(self):
+        db = couch.CouchDatabase('http://localhost:' + str(self.wrapper.port),
+                                 'u1db_tests')
+        db.create_doc({'simple': 'doc'})
+        content = self._fetch_u1db_data(db)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self._listify(db._transaction_log),
+            self._listify(
+                json.loads(b64decode(content[db.U1DB_TRANSACTION_LOG_KEY]))))
+
+    def test_conflict_log_storage_after_put_if_newer(self):
+        db = couch.CouchDatabase('http://localhost:' + str(self.wrapper.port),
+                                 'u1db_tests')
+        doc = db.create_doc({'simple': 'doc'})
+        doc.set_json(nested_doc)
+        doc.rev = db._replica_uid + ':2'
+        db._force_doc_sync_conflict(doc)
+        content = self._fetch_u1db_data(db)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self._listify(db._conflicts),
+            self._listify(
+                json.loads(b64decode(content[db.U1DB_CONFLICTS_KEY]))))
+
+    def test_other_gens_storage_after_set(self):
+        db = couch.CouchDatabase('http://localhost:' + str(self.wrapper.port),
+                                 'u1db_tests')
+        doc = db.create_doc({'simple': 'doc'})
+        db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('a', 'b', 'c')
+        content = self._fetch_u1db_data(db)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self._listify(db._other_generations),
+            self._listify(
+                json.loads(b64decode(content[db.U1DB_OTHER_GENERATIONS_KEY]))))
+
+    def test_index_storage_after_create(self):
+        db = couch.CouchDatabase('http://localhost:' + str(self.wrapper.port),
+                                 'u1db_tests')
+        doc = db.create_doc({'name': 'john'})
+        db.create_index('myindex', 'name')
+        content = self._fetch_u1db_data(db)
+        myind = db._indexes['myindex']
+        index = {
+            'myindex': {
+                'definition': myind._definition,
+                'name': myind._name,
+                'values': myind._values,
+            }
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self._listify(index),
+            self._listify(
+                json.loads(b64decode(content[db.U1DB_INDEXES_KEY]))))
+
+    def test_index_storage_after_delete(self):
+        db = couch.CouchDatabase('http://localhost:' + str(self.wrapper.port),
+                                 'u1db_tests')
+        doc = db.create_doc({'name': 'john'})
+        db.create_index('myindex', 'name')
+        db.create_index('myindex2', 'name')
+        db.delete_index('myindex')
+        content = self._fetch_u1db_data(db)
+        myind = db._indexes['myindex2']
+        index = {
+            'myindex2': {
+                'definition': myind._definition,
+                'name': myind._name,
+                'values': myind._values,
+            }
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self._listify(index),
+            self._listify(
+                json.loads(b64decode(content[db.U1DB_INDEXES_KEY]))))
+
+    def test_replica_uid_storage_after_db_creation(self):
+        db = couch.CouchDatabase('http://localhost:' + str(self.wrapper.port),
+                                 'u1db_tests')
+        content = self._fetch_u1db_data(db)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            db._replica_uid,
+            b64decode(content[db.U1DB_REPLICA_UID_KEY]))
+
+
+load_tests = tests.load_with_scenarios
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_crypto.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_crypto.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c727a2ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_crypto.py
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# test_crypto.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013 LEAP
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+"""
+Tests for cryptographic related stuff.
+"""
+
+import os
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import simplejson as json
+import hashlib
+import binascii
+
+
+from leap.common.testing.basetest import BaseLeapTest
+from Crypto import Random
+
+
+from leap.common.testing.basetest import BaseLeapTest
+from leap.soledad import (
+    Soledad,
+    crypto,
+    target,
+)
+from leap.soledad.document import SoledadDocument
+from leap.soledad.tests import (
+    BaseSoledadTest,
+    KEY_FINGERPRINT,
+    PRIVATE_KEY,
+)
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import (
+    simple_doc,
+    nested_doc,
+    TestCaseWithServer,
+)
+
+
+class EncryptedSyncTestCase(BaseSoledadTest):
+    """
+    Tests that guarantee that data will always be encrypted when syncing.
+    """
+
+    def test_encrypt_decrypt_json(self):
+        """
+        Test encrypting and decrypting documents.
+        """
+        simpledoc = {'key': 'val'}
+        doc1 = SoledadDocument(doc_id='id')
+        doc1.content = simpledoc
+        # encrypt doc
+        doc1.set_json(target.encrypt_doc(self._soledad._crypto, doc1))
+        # assert content is different and includes keys
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            simpledoc, doc1.content,
+            'incorrect document encryption')
+        self.assertTrue(target.ENC_JSON_KEY in doc1.content)
+        self.assertTrue(target.ENC_SCHEME_KEY in doc1.content)
+        # decrypt doc
+        doc1.set_json(target.decrypt_doc(self._soledad._crypto, doc1))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            simpledoc, doc1.content, 'incorrect document encryption')
+
+
+class RecoveryDocumentTestCase(BaseSoledadTest):
+
+    def test_export_recovery_document_raw(self):
+        rd = self._soledad.export_recovery_document()
+        secret_id = rd[self._soledad.STORAGE_SECRETS_KEY].items()[0][0]
+        secret = rd[self._soledad.STORAGE_SECRETS_KEY][secret_id]
+        self.assertEqual(secret_id, self._soledad._secret_id)
+        self.assertEqual(secret, self._soledad._secrets[secret_id])
+        self.assertTrue(self._soledad.CIPHER_KEY in secret)
+        self.assertTrue(secret[self._soledad.CIPHER_KEY] == 'aes256')
+        self.assertTrue(self._soledad.LENGTH_KEY in secret)
+        self.assertTrue(self._soledad.SECRET_KEY in secret)
+
+    def test_import_recovery_document(self):
+        rd = self._soledad.export_recovery_document()
+        s = self._soledad_instance(user='anotheruser@leap.se')
+        s.import_recovery_document(rd)
+        s._set_secret_id(self._soledad._secret_id)
+        self.assertEqual(self._soledad._uuid,
+                         s._uuid, 'Failed setting user uuid.')
+        self.assertEqual(self._soledad._get_storage_secret(),
+                         s._get_storage_secret(),
+                         'Failed settinng secret for symmetric encryption.')
+
+
+class SoledadSecretsTestCase(BaseSoledadTest):
+
+    def test__gen_secret(self):
+        # instantiate and save secret_id
+        sol = self._soledad_instance(user='user@leap.se')
+        self.assertTrue(len(sol._secrets) == 1)
+        secret_id_1 = sol.secret_id
+        # assert id is hash of secret
+        self.assertTrue(
+            secret_id_1 == hashlib.sha256(sol.storage_secret).hexdigest())
+        # generate new secret
+        secret_id_2 = sol._gen_secret()
+        self.assertTrue(secret_id_1 != secret_id_2)
+        # re-instantiate
+        sol = self._soledad_instance(
+            user='user@leap.se',
+            secret_id=secret_id_1)
+        # assert ids are valid
+        self.assertTrue(len(sol._secrets) == 2)
+        self.assertTrue(secret_id_1 in sol._secrets)
+        self.assertTrue(secret_id_2 in sol._secrets)
+        # assert format of secret 1
+        self.assertTrue(sol.storage_secret is not None)
+        self.assertIsInstance(sol.storage_secret, str)
+        self.assertTrue(len(sol.storage_secret) == sol.GENERATED_SECRET_LENGTH)
+        # assert format of secret 2
+        sol._set_secret_id(secret_id_2)
+        self.assertTrue(sol.storage_secret is not None)
+        self.assertIsInstance(sol.storage_secret, str)
+        self.assertTrue(len(sol.storage_secret) == sol.GENERATED_SECRET_LENGTH)
+        # assert id is hash of new secret
+        self.assertTrue(
+            secret_id_2 == hashlib.sha256(sol.storage_secret).hexdigest())
+
+    def test__has_secret(self):
+        sol = self._soledad_instance(user='user@leap.se')
+        self.assertTrue(sol._has_secret(), "Should have a secret at "
+                                           "this point")
+        # setting secret id to None should not interfere in the fact we have a
+        # secret.
+        sol._set_secret_id(None)
+        self.assertTrue(sol._has_secret(), "Should have a secret at "
+                                           "this point")
+        # but not being able to decrypt correctly should
+        sol._secrets[sol.secret_id][sol.SECRET_KEY] = None
+        self.assertFalse(sol._has_secret())
+
+
+class MacAuthTestCase(BaseSoledadTest):
+
+    def test_decrypt_with_wrong_mac_raises(self):
+        """
+        Trying to decrypt a document with wrong MAC should raise.
+        """
+        simpledoc = {'key': 'val'}
+        doc = SoledadDocument(doc_id='id')
+        doc.content = simpledoc
+        # encrypt doc
+        doc.set_json(target.encrypt_doc(self._soledad._crypto, doc))
+        self.assertTrue(target.MAC_KEY in doc.content)
+        self.assertTrue(target.MAC_METHOD_KEY in doc.content)
+        # mess with MAC
+        doc.content[target.MAC_KEY] = '1234567890ABCDEF'
+        # try to decrypt doc
+        self.assertRaises(
+            target.WrongMac,
+            target.decrypt_doc, self._soledad._crypto, doc)
+
+    def test_decrypt_with_unknown_mac_method_raises(self):
+        """
+        Trying to decrypt a document with unknown MAC method should raise.
+        """
+        simpledoc = {'key': 'val'}
+        doc = SoledadDocument(doc_id='id')
+        doc.content = simpledoc
+        # encrypt doc
+        doc.set_json(target.encrypt_doc(self._soledad._crypto, doc))
+        self.assertTrue(target.MAC_KEY in doc.content)
+        self.assertTrue(target.MAC_METHOD_KEY in doc.content)
+        # mess with MAC method
+        doc.content[target.MAC_METHOD_KEY] = 'mymac'
+        # try to decrypt doc
+        self.assertRaises(
+            target.UnknownMacMethod,
+            target.decrypt_doc, self._soledad._crypto, doc)
+
+
+class SoledadCryptoTestCase(BaseSoledadTest):
+
+    def test_encrypt_decrypt_sym(self):
+        # generate 256-bit key
+        key = Random.new().read(32)
+        iv, cyphertext = self._soledad._crypto.encrypt_sym(
+            'data', key,
+            method=crypto.EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR)
+        self.assertTrue(cyphertext is not None)
+        self.assertTrue(cyphertext != '')
+        self.assertTrue(cyphertext != 'data')
+        plaintext = self._soledad._crypto.decrypt_sym(
+            cyphertext, key, iv=iv,
+            method=crypto.EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR)
+        self.assertEqual('data', plaintext)
+
+    def test_decrypt_with_wrong_iv_fails(self):
+        key = Random.new().read(32)
+        iv, cyphertext = self._soledad._crypto.encrypt_sym(
+            'data', key,
+            method=crypto.EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR)
+        self.assertTrue(cyphertext is not None)
+        self.assertTrue(cyphertext != '')
+        self.assertTrue(cyphertext != 'data')
+        # get a different iv by changing the first byte
+        rawiv = binascii.a2b_base64(iv)
+        wrongiv = rawiv
+        while wrongiv == rawiv:
+            wrongiv = os.urandom(1) + rawiv[1:]
+        plaintext = self._soledad._crypto.decrypt_sym(
+            cyphertext, key, iv=binascii.b2a_base64(wrongiv),
+            method=crypto.EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR)
+        self.assertNotEqual('data', plaintext)
+
+    def test_decrypt_with_wrong_key_fails(self):
+        key = Random.new().read(32)
+        iv, cyphertext = self._soledad._crypto.encrypt_sym(
+            'data', key,
+            method=crypto.EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR)
+        self.assertTrue(cyphertext is not None)
+        self.assertTrue(cyphertext != '')
+        self.assertTrue(cyphertext != 'data')
+        wrongkey = Random.new().read(32)  # 256-bits key
+        # ensure keys are different in case we are extremely lucky
+        while wrongkey == key:
+            wrongkey = Random.new().read(32)
+        plaintext = self._soledad._crypto.decrypt_sym(
+            cyphertext, wrongkey, iv=iv,
+            method=crypto.EncryptionMethods.AES_256_CTR)
+        self.assertNotEqual('data', plaintext)
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_server.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_server.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..490d2fc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_server.py
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# test_server.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013 LEAP
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+"""
+Tests for server-related functionality.
+"""
+
+import os
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import simplejson as json
+import hashlib
+import mock
+
+
+from leap.soledad import Soledad
+from leap.soledad_server import (
+    SoledadApp,
+    SoledadAuthMiddleware,
+    URLToAuth,
+)
+from leap.soledad_server.couch import (
+    CouchServerState,
+    CouchDatabase,
+)
+from leap.soledad import target
+
+
+from leap.common.testing.basetest import BaseLeapTest
+from leap.soledad.tests import ADDRESS
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import (
+    TestCaseWithServer,
+    simple_doc,
+    nested_doc,
+)
+from leap.soledad.tests.test_couch import CouchDBTestCase
+from leap.soledad.tests.test_target import (
+    make_token_soledad_app,
+    make_leap_document_for_test,
+    token_leap_sync_target,
+)
+
+
+class ServerAuthorizationTestCase(BaseLeapTest):
+    """
+    Tests related to Soledad server authorization.
+    """
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        pass
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        pass
+
+    def _make_environ(self, path_info, request_method):
+        return {
+            'PATH_INFO': path_info,
+            'REQUEST_METHOD': request_method,
+        }
+
+    def test_verify_action_with_correct_dbnames(self):
+        """
+        Test encrypting and decrypting documents.
+
+        The following table lists the authorized actions among all possible
+        u1db remote actions:
+
+            URL path                      | Authorized actions
+            --------------------------------------------------
+            /                             | GET
+            /shared-db                    | GET
+            /shared-db/docs               | -
+            /shared-db/doc/{id}           | GET, PUT, DELETE
+            /shared-db/sync-from/{source} | -
+            /user-db                      | GET, PUT, DELETE
+            /user-db/docs                 | -
+            /user-db/doc/{id}             | -
+            /user-db/sync-from/{source}   | GET, PUT, POST
+        """
+        uuid = 'myuuid'
+        authmap = URLToAuth(uuid)
+        dbname = authmap._uuid_dbname(uuid)
+        # test global auth
+        self.assertTrue(
+            authmap.is_authorized(self._make_environ('/', 'GET')))
+        # test shared-db database resource auth
+        self.assertTrue(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared', 'GET')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared', 'PUT')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared', 'DELETE')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared', 'POST')))
+        # test shared-db docs resource auth
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared/docs', 'GET')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared/docs', 'PUT')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared/docs', 'DELETE')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared/docs', 'POST')))
+        # test shared-db doc resource auth
+        self.assertTrue(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared/doc/x', 'GET')))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared/doc/x', 'PUT')))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared/doc/x', 'DELETE')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared/doc/x', 'POST')))
+        # test shared-db sync resource auth
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared/sync-from/x', 'GET')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared/sync-from/x', 'PUT')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared/sync-from/x', 'DELETE')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/shared/sync-from/x', 'POST')))
+        # test user-db database resource auth
+        self.assertTrue(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s' % dbname, 'GET')))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s' % dbname, 'PUT')))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s' % dbname, 'DELETE')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s' % dbname, 'POST')))
+        # test user-db docs resource auth
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/docs' % dbname, 'GET')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/docs' % dbname, 'PUT')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/docs' % dbname, 'DELETE')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/docs' % dbname, 'POST')))
+        # test user-db doc resource auth
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/doc/x' % dbname, 'GET')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/doc/x' % dbname, 'PUT')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/doc/x' % dbname, 'DELETE')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/doc/x' % dbname, 'POST')))
+        # test user-db sync resource auth
+        self.assertTrue(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/sync-from/x' % dbname, 'GET')))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/sync-from/x' % dbname, 'PUT')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/sync-from/x' % dbname, 'DELETE')))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/sync-from/x' % dbname, 'POST')))
+
+    def test_verify_action_with_wrong_dbnames(self):
+        """
+        Test if authorization fails for a wrong dbname.
+        """
+        uuid = 'myuuid'
+        authmap = URLToAuth(uuid)
+        dbname = 'somedb'
+        # test wrong-db database resource auth
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s' % dbname, 'GET')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s' % dbname, 'PUT')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s' % dbname, 'DELETE')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s' % dbname, 'POST')))
+        # test wrong-db docs resource auth
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/docs' % dbname, 'GET')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/docs' % dbname, 'PUT')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/docs' % dbname, 'DELETE')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/docs' % dbname, 'POST')))
+        # test wrong-db doc resource auth
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/doc/x' % dbname, 'GET')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/doc/x' % dbname, 'PUT')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/doc/x' % dbname, 'DELETE')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/doc/x' % dbname, 'POST')))
+        # test wrong-db sync resource auth
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/sync-from/x' % dbname, 'GET')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/sync-from/x' % dbname, 'PUT')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/sync-from/x' % dbname, 'DELETE')))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            authmap.is_authorized(
+                self._make_environ('/%s/sync-from/x' % dbname, 'POST')))
+
+
+class EncryptedSyncTestCase(
+        CouchDBTestCase, TestCaseWithServer):
+    """
+    Tests for encrypted sync using Soledad server backed by a couch database.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def make_app_with_state(state):
+        return make_token_soledad_app(state)
+
+    make_document_for_test = make_leap_document_for_test
+
+    sync_target = token_leap_sync_target
+
+    def _soledad_instance(self, user='user-uuid', passphrase='123',
+                          prefix='',
+                          secrets_path=Soledad.STORAGE_SECRETS_FILE_NAME,
+                          local_db_path='soledad.u1db', server_url='',
+                          cert_file=None, auth_token=None, secret_id=None):
+        """
+        Instantiate Soledad.
+        """
+
+        # this callback ensures we save a document which is sent to the shared
+        # db.
+        def _put_doc_side_effect(doc):
+            self._doc_put = doc
+
+        # we need a mocked shared db or else Soledad will try to access the
+        # network to find if there are uploaded secrets.
+        class MockSharedDB(object):
+
+            get_doc = mock.Mock(return_value=None)
+            put_doc = mock.Mock(side_effect=_put_doc_side_effect)
+
+            def __call__(self):
+                return self
+
+        Soledad._shared_db = MockSharedDB()
+        return Soledad(
+            user,
+            passphrase,
+            secrets_path=os.path.join(self.tempdir, prefix, secrets_path),
+            local_db_path=os.path.join(
+                self.tempdir, prefix, local_db_path),
+            server_url=server_url,
+            cert_file=cert_file,
+            auth_token=auth_token,
+            secret_id=secret_id)
+
+    def make_app(self):
+        self.request_state = CouchServerState(self._couch_url)
+        return self.make_app_with_state(self.request_state)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        TestCaseWithServer.setUp(self)
+        CouchDBTestCase.setUp(self)
+        self.tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="leap_tests-")
+        self._couch_url = 'http://localhost:' + str(self.wrapper.port)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        CouchDBTestCase.tearDown(self)
+        TestCaseWithServer.tearDown(self)
+
+    def test_encrypted_sym_sync(self):
+        """
+        Test the complete syncing chain between two soledad dbs using a
+        Soledad server backed by a couch database.
+        """
+        self.startServer()
+        # instantiate soledad and create a document
+        sol1 = self._soledad_instance(
+            # token is verified in test_target.make_token_soledad_app
+            auth_token='auth-token'
+        )
+        _, doclist = sol1.get_all_docs()
+        self.assertEqual([], doclist)
+        doc1 = sol1.create_doc(json.loads(simple_doc))
+        # sync with server
+        sol1._server_url = self.getURL()
+        sol1.sync()
+        # assert doc was sent to couch db
+        db = CouchDatabase(
+            self._couch_url,
+            # the name of the user database is "user-<uuid>".
+            'user-user-uuid',
+        )
+        _, doclist = db.get_all_docs()
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(doclist))
+        couchdoc = doclist[0]
+        # assert document structure in couch server
+        self.assertEqual(doc1.doc_id, couchdoc.doc_id)
+        self.assertEqual(doc1.rev, couchdoc.rev)
+        self.assertEqual(6, len(couchdoc.content))
+        self.assertTrue(target.ENC_JSON_KEY in couchdoc.content)
+        self.assertTrue(target.ENC_SCHEME_KEY in couchdoc.content)
+        self.assertTrue(target.ENC_METHOD_KEY in couchdoc.content)
+        self.assertTrue(target.ENC_IV_KEY in couchdoc.content)
+        self.assertTrue(target.MAC_KEY in couchdoc.content)
+        self.assertTrue(target.MAC_METHOD_KEY in couchdoc.content)
+        # instantiate soledad with empty db, but with same secrets path
+        sol2 = self._soledad_instance(prefix='x', auth_token='auth-token')
+        _, doclist = sol2.get_all_docs()
+        self.assertEqual([], doclist)
+        sol2._secrets_path = sol1.secrets_path
+        sol2._load_secrets()
+        sol2._set_secret_id(sol1._secret_id)
+        # sync the new instance
+        sol2._server_url = self.getURL()
+        sol2.sync()
+        _, doclist = sol2.get_all_docs()
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(doclist))
+        doc2 = doclist[0]
+        # assert incoming doc is equal to the first sent doc
+        self.assertEqual(doc1, doc2)
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_soledad.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_soledad.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a991bfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_soledad.py
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# test_soledad.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013 LEAP
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+"""
+Tests for general Soledad functionality.
+"""
+
+
+import os
+import re
+import tempfile
+import simplejson as json
+from mock import Mock
+
+
+from leap.common.testing.basetest import BaseLeapTest
+from leap.common.events import events_pb2 as proto
+from leap.soledad.tests import (
+    BaseSoledadTest,
+    ADDRESS,
+)
+from leap import soledad
+from leap.soledad import Soledad
+from leap.soledad.document import SoledadDocument
+from leap.soledad.crypto import SoledadCrypto
+from leap.soledad.shared_db import SoledadSharedDatabase
+from leap.soledad.target import SoledadSyncTarget
+
+
+class AuxMethodsTestCase(BaseSoledadTest):
+
+    def test__init_dirs(self):
+        sol = self._soledad_instance(prefix='_init_dirs')
+        sol._init_dirs()
+        local_db_dir = os.path.dirname(sol.local_db_path)
+        secrets_path = os.path.dirname(sol.secrets_path)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(local_db_dir))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(secrets_path))
+
+    def test__init_db(self):
+        sol = self._soledad_instance()
+        sol._init_dirs()
+        sol._crypto = SoledadCrypto(sol)
+        #self._soledad._gpg.import_keys(PUBLIC_KEY)
+        if not sol._has_secret():
+            sol._gen_secret()
+        sol._load_secrets()
+        sol._init_db()
+        from leap.soledad.sqlcipher import SQLCipherDatabase
+        self.assertIsInstance(sol._db, SQLCipherDatabase)
+
+    def test__init_config_defaults(self):
+        """
+        Test if configuration defaults point to the correct place.
+        """
+
+        class SoledadMock(Soledad):
+
+            def __init__(self):
+                pass
+
+        # instantiate without initializing so we just test _init_config()
+        sol = SoledadMock()
+        Soledad._init_config(sol, None, None, '')
+        # assert value of secrets_path
+        self.assertEquals(
+            os.path.join(
+                sol.DEFAULT_PREFIX, Soledad.STORAGE_SECRETS_FILE_NAME),
+            sol.secrets_path)
+        # assert value of local_db_path
+        self.assertEquals(
+            os.path.join(sol.DEFAULT_PREFIX, 'soledad.u1db'),
+            sol.local_db_path)
+
+    def test__init_config_from_params(self):
+        """
+        Test if configuration is correctly read from file.
+        """
+        sol = self._soledad_instance(
+            'leap@leap.se',
+            passphrase='123',
+            secrets_path='value_3',
+            local_db_path='value_2',
+            server_url='value_1',
+            cert_file=None)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            os.path.join(self.tempdir, 'value_3'),
+            sol.secrets_path)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            os.path.join(self.tempdir, 'value_2'),
+            sol.local_db_path)
+        self.assertEqual('value_1', sol.server_url)
+
+
+class SoledadSharedDBTestCase(BaseSoledadTest):
+    """
+    These tests ensure the functionalities of the shared recovery database.
+    """
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        BaseSoledadTest.setUp(self)
+        self._shared_db = SoledadSharedDatabase(
+            'https://provider/', SoledadDocument, None)
+
+    def test__get_secrets_from_shared_db(self):
+        """
+        Ensure the shared db is queried with the correct doc_id.
+        """
+        doc_id = self._soledad._uuid_hash()
+        self._soledad._get_secrets_from_shared_db()
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self._soledad._shared_db().get_doc.assert_called_with(
+                doc_id) is None,
+            'Wrong doc_id when fetching recovery document.')
+
+    def test__put_secrets_in_shared_db(self):
+        """
+        Ensure recovery document is put into shared recover db.
+        """
+        doc_id = self._soledad._uuid_hash()
+        self._soledad._put_secrets_in_shared_db()
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self._soledad._shared_db().get_doc.assert_called_with(
+                doc_id) is None,
+            'Wrong doc_id when fetching recovery document.')
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self._soledad._shared_db.put_doc.assert_called_with(
+                self._doc_put) is None,
+            'Wrong document when putting recovery document.')
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self._doc_put.doc_id == doc_id,
+            'Wrong doc_id when putting recovery document.')
+
+
+class SoledadSignalingTestCase(BaseSoledadTest):
+    """
+    These tests ensure signals are correctly emmited by Soledad.
+    """
+
+    EVENTS_SERVER_PORT = 8090
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        BaseSoledadTest.setUp(self)
+        # mock signaling
+        soledad.signal = Mock()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        pass
+
+    def _pop_mock_call(self, mocked):
+        mocked.call_args_list.pop()
+        mocked.mock_calls.pop()
+        mocked.call_args = mocked.call_args_list[-1]
+
+    def test_stage2_bootstrap_signals(self):
+        """
+        Test that a fresh soledad emits all bootstrap signals.
+        """
+        soledad.signal.reset_mock()
+        # get a fresh instance so it emits all bootstrap signals
+        sol = self._soledad_instance(
+            secrets_path='alternative.json',
+            local_db_path='alternative.u1db')
+        # reverse call order so we can verify in the order the signals were
+        # expected
+        soledad.signal.mock_calls.reverse()
+        soledad.signal.call_args = \
+            soledad.signal.call_args_list[0]
+        soledad.signal.call_args_list.reverse()
+        # assert signals
+        soledad.signal.assert_called_with(
+            proto.SOLEDAD_DOWNLOADING_KEYS,
+            ADDRESS,
+        )
+        self._pop_mock_call(soledad.signal)
+        soledad.signal.assert_called_with(
+            proto.SOLEDAD_DONE_DOWNLOADING_KEYS,
+            ADDRESS,
+        )
+        self._pop_mock_call(soledad.signal)
+        soledad.signal.assert_called_with(
+            proto.SOLEDAD_CREATING_KEYS,
+            ADDRESS,
+        )
+        self._pop_mock_call(soledad.signal)
+        soledad.signal.assert_called_with(
+            proto.SOLEDAD_DONE_CREATING_KEYS,
+            ADDRESS,
+        )
+        self._pop_mock_call(soledad.signal)
+        soledad.signal.assert_called_with(
+            proto.SOLEDAD_DOWNLOADING_KEYS,
+            ADDRESS,
+        )
+        self._pop_mock_call(soledad.signal)
+        soledad.signal.assert_called_with(
+            proto.SOLEDAD_DONE_DOWNLOADING_KEYS,
+            ADDRESS,
+        )
+        self._pop_mock_call(soledad.signal)
+        soledad.signal.assert_called_with(
+            proto.SOLEDAD_UPLOADING_KEYS,
+            ADDRESS,
+        )
+        self._pop_mock_call(soledad.signal)
+        soledad.signal.assert_called_with(
+            proto.SOLEDAD_DONE_UPLOADING_KEYS,
+            ADDRESS,
+        )
+
+    def test_stage1_bootstrap_signals(self):
+        """
+        Test that an existent soledad emits some of the bootstrap signals.
+        """
+        soledad.signal.reset_mock()
+        # get an existent instance so it emits only some of bootstrap signals
+        sol = self._soledad_instance()
+        # reverse call order so we can verify in the order the signals were
+        # expected
+        soledad.signal.mock_calls.reverse()
+        soledad.signal.call_args = \
+            soledad.signal.call_args_list[0]
+        soledad.signal.call_args_list.reverse()
+        # assert signals
+        soledad.signal.assert_called_with(
+            proto.SOLEDAD_DOWNLOADING_KEYS,
+            ADDRESS,
+        )
+        self._pop_mock_call(soledad.signal)
+        soledad.signal.assert_called_with(
+            proto.SOLEDAD_DONE_DOWNLOADING_KEYS,
+            ADDRESS,
+        )
+        self._pop_mock_call(soledad.signal)
+        soledad.signal.assert_called_with(
+            proto.SOLEDAD_UPLOADING_KEYS,
+            ADDRESS,
+        )
+        self._pop_mock_call(soledad.signal)
+        soledad.signal.assert_called_with(
+            proto.SOLEDAD_DONE_UPLOADING_KEYS,
+            ADDRESS,
+        )
+
+    def test_sync_signals(self):
+        """
+        Test Soledad emits SOLEDAD_CREATING_KEYS signal.
+        """
+        soledad.signal.reset_mock()
+        # get a fresh instance so it emits all bootstrap signals
+        sol = self._soledad_instance()
+        # mock the actual db sync so soledad does not try to connect to the
+        # server
+        sol._db.sync = Mock()
+        # do the sync
+        sol.sync()
+        # assert the signal has been emitted
+        soledad.signal.assert_called_with(
+            proto.SOLEDAD_DONE_DATA_SYNC,
+            ADDRESS,
+        )
+
+    def test_need_sync_signals(self):
+        """
+        Test Soledad emits SOLEDAD_CREATING_KEYS signal.
+        """
+        soledad.signal.reset_mock()
+        sol = self._soledad_instance()
+        # mock the sync target
+        SoledadSyncTarget.get_sync_info = Mock(return_value=[0, 0, 0, 0, 2])
+        # mock our generation so soledad thinks there's new data to sync
+        sol._db._get_generation = Mock(return_value=1)
+        # check for new data to sync
+        sol.need_sync('http://provider/userdb')
+        # assert the signal has been emitted
+        soledad.signal.assert_called_with(
+            proto.SOLEDAD_NEW_DATA_TO_SYNC,
+            ADDRESS,
+        )
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_sqlcipher.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_sqlcipher.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25d04861
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_sqlcipher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,824 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# test_sqlcipher.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013 LEAP
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+"""
+Test sqlcipher backend internals.
+"""
+
+
+import os
+import time
+import unittest
+import simplejson as json
+import threading
+
+
+from pysqlcipher import dbapi2
+from StringIO import StringIO
+
+
+# u1db stuff.
+from u1db import (
+    errors,
+    query_parser,
+    sync,
+    vectorclock,
+)
+from u1db.backends.sqlite_backend import SQLitePartialExpandDatabase
+
+
+# soledad stuff.
+from leap.soledad.document import SoledadDocument
+from leap.soledad.sqlcipher import (
+    SQLCipherDatabase,
+    DatabaseIsNotEncrypted,
+    open as u1db_open,
+)
+from leap.soledad.target import (
+    EncryptionSchemes,
+    decrypt_doc,
+    ENC_JSON_KEY,
+    ENC_SCHEME_KEY,
+)
+
+
+# u1db tests stuff.
+from leap.soledad.tests import u1db_tests as tests, BaseSoledadTest
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import test_sqlite_backend
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import test_backends
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import test_open
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import test_sync
+from leap.soledad.target import SoledadSyncTarget
+from leap.common.testing.basetest import BaseLeapTest
+
+PASSWORD = '123456'
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_common_backend`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestSQLCipherBackendImpl(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def test__allocate_doc_id(self):
+        db = SQLCipherDatabase(':memory:', PASSWORD)
+        doc_id1 = db._allocate_doc_id()
+        self.assertTrue(doc_id1.startswith('D-'))
+        self.assertEqual(34, len(doc_id1))
+        int(doc_id1[len('D-'):], 16)
+        self.assertNotEqual(doc_id1, db._allocate_doc_id())
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_backends`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def make_sqlcipher_database_for_test(test, replica_uid):
+    db = SQLCipherDatabase(':memory:', PASSWORD)
+    db._set_replica_uid(replica_uid)
+    return db
+
+
+def copy_sqlcipher_database_for_test(test, db):
+    # DO NOT COPY OR REUSE THIS CODE OUTSIDE TESTS: COPYING U1DB DATABASES IS
+    # THE WRONG THING TO DO, THE ONLY REASON WE DO SO HERE IS TO TEST THAT WE
+    # CORRECTLY DETECT IT HAPPENING SO THAT WE CAN RAISE ERRORS RATHER THAN
+    # CORRUPT USER DATA. USE SYNC INSTEAD, OR WE WILL SEND NINJA TO YOUR
+    # HOUSE.
+    new_db = SQLCipherDatabase(':memory:', PASSWORD)
+    tmpfile = StringIO()
+    for line in db._db_handle.iterdump():
+        if not 'sqlite_sequence' in line:  # work around bug in iterdump
+            tmpfile.write('%s\n' % line)
+    tmpfile.seek(0)
+    new_db._db_handle = dbapi2.connect(':memory:')
+    new_db._db_handle.cursor().executescript(tmpfile.read())
+    new_db._db_handle.commit()
+    new_db._set_replica_uid(db._replica_uid)
+    new_db._factory = db._factory
+    return new_db
+
+
+def make_document_for_test(test, doc_id, rev, content, has_conflicts=False):
+    return SoledadDocument(doc_id, rev, content, has_conflicts=has_conflicts)
+
+
+SQLCIPHER_SCENARIOS = [
+    ('sqlcipher', {'make_database_for_test': make_sqlcipher_database_for_test,
+                   'copy_database_for_test': copy_sqlcipher_database_for_test,
+                   'make_document_for_test': make_document_for_test, }),
+]
+
+
+class SQLCipherTests(test_backends.AllDatabaseTests):
+    scenarios = SQLCIPHER_SCENARIOS
+
+
+class SQLCipherDatabaseTests(test_backends.LocalDatabaseTests):
+    scenarios = SQLCIPHER_SCENARIOS
+
+
+class SQLCipherValidateGenNTransIdTests(
+        test_backends.LocalDatabaseValidateGenNTransIdTests):
+    scenarios = SQLCIPHER_SCENARIOS
+
+
+class SQLCipherValidateSourceGenTests(
+        test_backends.LocalDatabaseValidateSourceGenTests):
+    scenarios = SQLCIPHER_SCENARIOS
+
+
+class SQLCipherWithConflictsTests(
+        test_backends.LocalDatabaseWithConflictsTests):
+    scenarios = SQLCIPHER_SCENARIOS
+
+
+class SQLCipherIndexTests(test_backends.DatabaseIndexTests):
+    scenarios = SQLCIPHER_SCENARIOS
+
+
+load_tests = tests.load_with_scenarios
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_sqlite_backend`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestSQLCipherDatabase(test_sqlite_backend.TestSQLiteDatabase):
+
+    def test_atomic_initialize(self):
+        tmpdir = self.createTempDir()
+        dbname = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'atomic.db')
+
+        t2 = None  # will be a thread
+
+        class SQLCipherDatabaseTesting(SQLCipherDatabase):
+            _index_storage_value = "testing"
+
+            def __init__(self, dbname, ntry):
+                self._try = ntry
+                self._is_initialized_invocations = 0
+                SQLCipherDatabase.__init__(self, dbname, PASSWORD)
+
+            def _is_initialized(self, c):
+                res = \
+                    SQLCipherDatabase._is_initialized(self, c)
+                if self._try == 1:
+                    self._is_initialized_invocations += 1
+                    if self._is_initialized_invocations == 2:
+                        t2.start()
+                        # hard to do better and have a generic test
+                        time.sleep(0.05)
+                return res
+
+        outcome2 = []
+
+        def second_try():
+            try:
+                db2 = SQLCipherDatabaseTesting(dbname, 2)
+            except Exception, e:
+                outcome2.append(e)
+            else:
+                outcome2.append(db2)
+
+        t2 = threading.Thread(target=second_try)
+        db1 = SQLCipherDatabaseTesting(dbname, 1)
+        t2.join()
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(outcome2[0], SQLCipherDatabaseTesting)
+        db2 = outcome2[0]
+        self.assertTrue(db2._is_initialized(db1._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()))
+
+
+class TestAlternativeDocument(SoledadDocument):
+    """A (not very) alternative implementation of Document."""
+
+
+class TestSQLCipherPartialExpandDatabase(
+        test_sqlite_backend.TestSQLitePartialExpandDatabase):
+
+    # The following tests had to be cloned from u1db because they all
+    # instantiate the backend directly, so we need to change that in order to
+    # our backend be instantiated in place.
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        test_sqlite_backend.TestSQLitePartialExpandDatabase.setUp(self)
+        self.db = SQLCipherDatabase(':memory:', PASSWORD)
+        self.db._set_replica_uid('test')
+
+    def test_default_replica_uid(self):
+        self.db = SQLCipherDatabase(':memory:', PASSWORD)
+        self.assertIsNot(None, self.db._replica_uid)
+        self.assertEqual(32, len(self.db._replica_uid))
+        int(self.db._replica_uid, 16)
+
+    def test__parse_index(self):
+        self.db = SQLCipherDatabase(':memory:', PASSWORD)
+        g = self.db._parse_index_definition('fieldname')
+        self.assertIsInstance(g, query_parser.ExtractField)
+        self.assertEqual(['fieldname'], g.field)
+
+    def test__update_indexes(self):
+        self.db = SQLCipherDatabase(':memory:', PASSWORD)
+        g = self.db._parse_index_definition('fieldname')
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        self.db._update_indexes('doc-id', {'fieldname': 'val'},
+                                [('fieldname', g)], c)
+        c.execute('SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields')
+        self.assertEqual([('doc-id', 'fieldname', 'val')],
+                         c.fetchall())
+
+    def test__set_replica_uid(self):
+        # Start from scratch, so that replica_uid isn't set.
+        self.db = SQLCipherDatabase(':memory:', PASSWORD)
+        self.assertIsNot(None, self.db._real_replica_uid)
+        self.assertIsNot(None, self.db._replica_uid)
+        self.db._set_replica_uid('foo')
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT value FROM u1db_config WHERE name='replica_uid'")
+        self.assertEqual(('foo',), c.fetchone())
+        self.assertEqual('foo', self.db._real_replica_uid)
+        self.assertEqual('foo', self.db._replica_uid)
+        self.db._close_sqlite_handle()
+        self.assertEqual('foo', self.db._replica_uid)
+
+    def test__open_database(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/test.sqlite'
+        SQLCipherDatabase(path, PASSWORD)
+        db2 = SQLCipherDatabase._open_database(path, PASSWORD)
+        self.assertIsInstance(db2, SQLCipherDatabase)
+
+    def test__open_database_with_factory(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/test.sqlite'
+        SQLCipherDatabase(path, PASSWORD)
+        db2 = SQLCipherDatabase._open_database(
+            path, PASSWORD,
+            document_factory=TestAlternativeDocument)
+        doc = db2.create_doc({})
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(doc, SoledadDocument))
+
+    def test__open_database_non_existent(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/non-existent.sqlite'
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                          SQLCipherDatabase._open_database,
+                          path, PASSWORD)
+
+    def test__open_database_during_init(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/initialised.db'
+        db = SQLCipherDatabase.__new__(
+            SQLCipherDatabase)
+        db._db_handle = dbapi2.connect(path)  # db is there but not yet init-ed
+        c = db._db_handle.cursor()
+        c.execute('PRAGMA key="%s"' % PASSWORD)
+        self.addCleanup(db.close)
+        observed = []
+
+        class SQLiteDatabaseTesting(SQLCipherDatabase):
+            WAIT_FOR_PARALLEL_INIT_HALF_INTERVAL = 0.1
+
+            @classmethod
+            def _which_index_storage(cls, c):
+                res = SQLCipherDatabase._which_index_storage(c)
+                db._ensure_schema()  # init db
+                observed.append(res[0])
+                return res
+
+        db2 = SQLiteDatabaseTesting._open_database(path, PASSWORD)
+        self.addCleanup(db2.close)
+        self.assertIsInstance(db2, SQLCipherDatabase)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [None,
+             SQLCipherDatabase._index_storage_value],
+            observed)
+
+    def test__open_database_invalid(self):
+        class SQLiteDatabaseTesting(SQLCipherDatabase):
+            WAIT_FOR_PARALLEL_INIT_HALF_INTERVAL = 0.1
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path1 = temp_dir + '/invalid1.db'
+        with open(path1, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write("")
+        self.assertRaises(dbapi2.OperationalError,
+                          SQLiteDatabaseTesting._open_database, path1,
+                          PASSWORD)
+        with open(path1, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write("invalid")
+        self.assertRaises(dbapi2.DatabaseError,
+                          SQLiteDatabaseTesting._open_database, path1,
+                          PASSWORD)
+
+    def test_open_database_existing(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/existing.sqlite'
+        SQLCipherDatabase(path, PASSWORD)
+        db2 = SQLCipherDatabase.open_database(path, PASSWORD, create=False)
+        self.assertIsInstance(db2, SQLCipherDatabase)
+
+    def test_open_database_with_factory(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/existing.sqlite'
+        SQLCipherDatabase(path, PASSWORD)
+        db2 = SQLCipherDatabase.open_database(
+            path, PASSWORD, create=False,
+            document_factory=TestAlternativeDocument)
+        doc = db2.create_doc({})
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(doc, SoledadDocument))
+
+    def test_open_database_create(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/new.sqlite'
+        SQLCipherDatabase.open_database(path, PASSWORD, create=True)
+        db2 = SQLCipherDatabase.open_database(path, PASSWORD, create=False)
+        self.assertIsInstance(db2, SQLCipherDatabase)
+
+    def test_create_database_initializes_schema(self):
+        # This test had to be cloned because our implementation of SQLCipher
+        # backend is referenced with an index_storage_value that includes the
+        # word "encrypted". See u1db's sqlite_backend and our
+        # sqlcipher_backend for reference.
+        raw_db = self.db._get_sqlite_handle()
+        c = raw_db.cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM u1db_config")
+        config = dict([(r[0], r[1]) for r in c.fetchall()])
+        self.assertEqual({'sql_schema': '0', 'replica_uid': 'test',
+                          'index_storage': 'expand referenced encrypted'},
+                         config)
+
+    def test_store_syncable(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc)
+        # assert that docs are syncable by default
+        self.assertEqual(True, doc.syncable)
+        # assert that we can store syncable = False
+        doc.syncable = False
+        self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertEqual(False, self.db.get_doc(doc.doc_id).syncable)
+        # assert that we can store syncable = True
+        doc.syncable = True
+        self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertEqual(True, self.db.get_doc(doc.doc_id).syncable)
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_open`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class SQLCipherOpen(test_open.TestU1DBOpen):
+
+    def test_open_no_create(self):
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                          u1db_open, self.db_path,
+                          password=PASSWORD,
+                          create=False)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.db_path))
+
+    def test_open_create(self):
+        db = u1db_open(self.db_path, password=PASSWORD, create=True)
+        self.addCleanup(db.close)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.db_path))
+        self.assertIsInstance(db, SQLCipherDatabase)
+
+    def test_open_with_factory(self):
+        db = u1db_open(self.db_path, password=PASSWORD, create=True,
+                       document_factory=TestAlternativeDocument)
+        self.addCleanup(db.close)
+        doc = db.create_doc({})
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(doc, SoledadDocument))
+
+    def test_open_existing(self):
+        db = SQLCipherDatabase(self.db_path, PASSWORD)
+        self.addCleanup(db.close)
+        doc = db.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc)
+        # Even though create=True, we shouldn't wipe the db
+        db2 = u1db_open(self.db_path, password=PASSWORD, create=True)
+        self.addCleanup(db2.close)
+        doc2 = db2.get_doc(doc.doc_id)
+        self.assertEqual(doc, doc2)
+
+    def test_open_existing_no_create(self):
+        db = SQLCipherDatabase(self.db_path, PASSWORD)
+        self.addCleanup(db.close)
+        db2 = u1db_open(self.db_path, password=PASSWORD, create=False)
+        self.addCleanup(db2.close)
+        self.assertIsInstance(db2, SQLCipherDatabase)
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_sync`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+sync_scenarios = []
+for name, scenario in SQLCIPHER_SCENARIOS:
+    scenario = dict(scenario)
+    scenario['do_sync'] = test_sync.sync_via_synchronizer
+    sync_scenarios.append((name, scenario))
+    scenario = dict(scenario)
+
+
+def sync_via_synchronizer_and_leap(test, db_source, db_target,
+                                   trace_hook=None, trace_hook_shallow=None):
+    if trace_hook:
+        test.skipTest("full trace hook unsupported over http")
+    path = test._http_at[db_target]
+    target = SoledadSyncTarget.connect(test.getURL(path), test._soledad._crypto)
+    target.set_token_credentials('user-uuid', 'auth-token')
+    if trace_hook_shallow:
+        target._set_trace_hook_shallow(trace_hook_shallow)
+    return sync.Synchronizer(db_source, target).sync()
+
+
+sync_scenarios.append(('pyleap', {
+    'make_database_for_test': test_sync.make_database_for_http_test,
+    'copy_database_for_test': test_sync.copy_database_for_http_test,
+    'make_document_for_test': make_document_for_test,
+    'make_app_with_state': tests.test_remote_sync_target.make_http_app,
+    'do_sync': sync_via_synchronizer_and_leap,
+}))
+
+
+class SQLCipherDatabaseSyncTests(
+        test_sync.DatabaseSyncTests, BaseSoledadTest):
+    """
+    Test for succesfull sync between SQLCipher and LeapBackend.
+
+    Some of the tests in this class had to be adapted because the remote
+    backend always receive encrypted content, and so it can not rely on
+    document's content comparison to try to autoresolve conflicts.
+    """
+
+    scenarios = sync_scenarios
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        test_sync.DatabaseSyncTests.setUp(self)
+        BaseSoledadTest.setUp(self)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        test_sync.DatabaseSyncTests.tearDown(self)
+        BaseSoledadTest.tearDown(self)
+
+    def test_sync_autoresolves(self):
+        """
+        Test for sync autoresolve remote.
+
+        This test was adapted because the remote database receives encrypted
+        content and so it can't compare documents contents to autoresolve.
+        """
+        # The remote database can't autoresolve conflicts based on magic
+        # content convergence, so we modify this test to leave the possibility
+        # of the remode document ending up in conflicted state.
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        doc1 = self.db1.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc')
+        rev1 = doc1.rev
+        doc2 = self.db2.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc')
+        rev2 = doc2.rev
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        doc = self.db1.get_doc('doc')
+        self.assertFalse(doc.has_conflicts)
+        # if remote content is in conflicted state, then document revisions
+        # will be different.
+        #self.assertEqual(doc.rev, self.db2.get_doc('doc').rev)
+        v = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc.rev)
+        self.assertTrue(v.is_newer(vectorclock.VectorClockRev(rev1)))
+        self.assertTrue(v.is_newer(vectorclock.VectorClockRev(rev2)))
+
+    def test_sync_autoresolves_moar(self):
+        """
+        Test for sync autoresolve local.
+
+        This test was adapted to decrypt remote content before assert.
+        """
+        # here we test that when a database that has a conflicted document is
+        # the source of a sync, and the target database has a revision of the
+        # conflicted document that is newer than the source database's, and
+        # that target's database's document's content is the same as the
+        # source's document's conflict's, the source's document's conflict gets
+        # autoresolved, and the source's document's revision bumped.
+        #
+        # idea is as follows:
+        # A          B
+        # a1         -
+        #   `------->
+        # a1         a1
+        # v          v
+        # a2         a1b1
+        #   `------->
+        # a1b1+a2    a1b1
+        #            v
+        # a1b1+a2    a1b2 (a1b2 has same content as a2)
+        #   `------->
+        # a3b2       a1b2 (autoresolved)
+        #   `------->
+        # a3b2       a3b2
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        for db, content in [(self.db1, '{}'), (self.db2, '{"hi": 42}')]:
+            doc = db.get_doc('doc')
+            doc.set_json(content)
+            db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        # db1 and db2 now both have a doc of {hi:42}, but db1 has a conflict
+        doc = self.db1.get_doc('doc')
+        rev1 = doc.rev
+        self.assertTrue(doc.has_conflicts)
+        # set db2 to have a doc of {} (same as db1 before the conflict)
+        doc = self.db2.get_doc('doc')
+        doc.set_json('{}')
+        self.db2.put_doc(doc)
+        rev2 = doc.rev
+        # sync it across
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        # tadaa!
+        doc = self.db1.get_doc('doc')
+        self.assertFalse(doc.has_conflicts)
+        vec1 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(rev1)
+        vec2 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(rev2)
+        vec3 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc.rev)
+        self.assertTrue(vec3.is_newer(vec1))
+        self.assertTrue(vec3.is_newer(vec2))
+        # because the conflict is on the source, sync it another time
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        # make sure db2 now has the exact same thing
+        doc1 = self.db1.get_doc('doc')
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            self.db2,
+            doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev, doc1.get_json(), False)
+
+    def test_sync_autoresolves_moar_backwards(self):
+        # here we would test that when a database that has a conflicted
+        # document is the target of a sync, and the source database has a
+        # revision of the conflicted document that is newer than the target
+        # database's, and that source's database's document's content is the
+        # same as the target's document's conflict's, the target's document's
+        # conflict gets autoresolved, and the document's revision bumped.
+        #
+        # Despite that, in Soledad we suppose that the server never syncs, so
+        # it never has conflicted documents. Also, if it had, convergence
+        # would not be possible by checking document's contents because they
+        # would be encrypted in server.
+        #
+        # Therefore we suppress this test.
+        pass
+
+    def test_sync_autoresolves_moar_backwards_three(self):
+        # here we would test that when a database that has a conflicted
+        # document is the target of a sync, and the source database has a
+        # revision of the conflicted document that is newer than the target
+        # database's, and that source's database's document's content is the
+        # same as the target's document's conflict's, the target's document's
+        # conflict gets autoresolved, and the document's revision bumped.
+        #
+        # We use the same reasoning from the last test to suppress this one.
+        pass
+
+    def test_sync_propagates_resolution(self):
+        """
+        Test if synchronization propagates resolution.
+
+        This test was adapted to decrypt remote content before assert.
+        """
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'both')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'both')
+        doc1 = self.db1.create_doc_from_json('{"a": 1}', doc_id='the-doc')
+        db3 = self.create_database('test3', 'both')
+        self.sync(self.db2, self.db1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.db1._get_generation_info(),
+            self.db2._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(self.db1._replica_uid))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.db2._get_generation_info(),
+            self.db1._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(self.db2._replica_uid))
+        self.sync(db3, self.db1)
+        # update on 2
+        doc2 = self.make_document('the-doc', doc1.rev, '{"a": 2}')
+        self.db2.put_doc(doc2)
+        self.sync(self.db2, db3)
+        self.assertEqual(db3.get_doc('the-doc').rev, doc2.rev)
+        # update on 1
+        doc1.set_json('{"a": 3}')
+        self.db1.put_doc(doc1)
+        # conflicts
+        self.sync(self.db2, self.db1)
+        self.sync(db3, self.db1)
+        self.assertTrue(self.db2.get_doc('the-doc').has_conflicts)
+        self.assertTrue(db3.get_doc('the-doc').has_conflicts)
+        # resolve
+        conflicts = self.db2.get_doc_conflicts('the-doc')
+        doc4 = self.make_document('the-doc', None, '{"a": 4}')
+        revs = [doc.rev for doc in conflicts]
+        self.db2.resolve_doc(doc4, revs)
+        doc2 = self.db2.get_doc('the-doc')
+        self.assertEqual(doc4.get_json(), doc2.get_json())
+        self.assertFalse(doc2.has_conflicts)
+        self.sync(self.db2, db3)
+        doc3 = db3.get_doc('the-doc')
+        if ENC_SCHEME_KEY in doc3.content:
+            doc3.set_json(decrypt_doc(self._soledad._crypto, doc3))
+        self.assertEqual(doc4.get_json(), doc3.get_json())
+        self.assertFalse(doc3.has_conflicts)
+
+    def test_sync_puts_changes(self):
+        """
+        Test if sync puts changes in remote replica.
+
+        This test was adapted to decrypt remote content before assert.
+        """
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        doc = self.db1.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc)
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.sync(self.db1, self.db2))
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            self.db2, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, tests.simple_doc, False)
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.db1._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('test2')[0])
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.db2._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('test1')[0])
+        self.assertLastExchangeLog(
+            self.db2,
+            {'receive': {'docs': [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev)],
+                         'source_uid': 'test1',
+                         'source_gen': 1, 'last_known_gen': 0},
+             'return': {'docs': [], 'last_gen': 1}})
+
+
+def _make_local_db_and_leap_target(test, path='test'):
+    test.startServer()
+    db = test.request_state._create_database(os.path.basename(path))
+    st = SoledadSyncTarget.connect(test.getURL(path), test._soledad._crypto)
+    st.set_token_credentials('user-uuid', 'auth-token')
+    return db, st
+
+
+target_scenarios = [
+    ('leap', {
+        'create_db_and_target': _make_local_db_and_leap_target,
+        'make_app_with_state': tests.test_remote_sync_target.make_http_app}),
+]
+
+
+class SQLCipherSyncTargetTests(
+        test_sync.DatabaseSyncTargetTests, BaseSoledadTest):
+
+    scenarios = (tests.multiply_scenarios(SQLCIPHER_SCENARIOS,
+                                          target_scenarios))
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        test_sync.DatabaseSyncTargetTests.setUp(self)
+        BaseSoledadTest.setUp(self)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        test_sync.DatabaseSyncTargetTests.tearDown(self)
+        BaseSoledadTest.tearDown(self)
+
+    def test_sync_exchange(self):
+        """
+        Modified to account for possibly receiving encrypted documents from
+        sever-side.
+        """
+        docs_by_gen = [
+            (self.make_document('doc-id', 'replica:1', tests.simple_doc), 10,
+             'T-sid')]
+        new_gen, trans_id = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            docs_by_gen, 'replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            self.db, 'doc-id', 'replica:1', tests.simple_doc, False)
+        self.assertTransactionLog(['doc-id'], self.db)
+        last_trans_id = self.getLastTransId(self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(([], 1, last_trans_id),
+                         (self.other_changes, new_gen, last_trans_id))
+        self.assertEqual(10, self.st.get_sync_info('replica')[3])
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_push_many(self):
+        """
+        Modified to account for possibly receiving encrypted documents from
+        sever-side.
+        """
+        docs_by_gen = [
+            (self.make_document(
+                'doc-id', 'replica:1', tests.simple_doc), 10, 'T-1'),
+            (self.make_document('doc-id2', 'replica:1', tests.nested_doc), 11,
+             'T-2')]
+        new_gen, trans_id = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            docs_by_gen, 'replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            self.db, 'doc-id', 'replica:1', tests.simple_doc, False)
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            self.db, 'doc-id2', 'replica:1', tests.nested_doc, False)
+        self.assertTransactionLog(['doc-id', 'doc-id2'], self.db)
+        last_trans_id = self.getLastTransId(self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(([], 2, last_trans_id),
+                         (self.other_changes, new_gen, trans_id))
+        self.assertEqual(11, self.st.get_sync_info('replica')[3])
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_returns_many_new_docs(self):
+        """
+        Modified to account for JSON serialization differences.
+        """
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(tests.nested_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id, doc2.doc_id], self.db)
+        new_gen, _ = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            [], 'other-replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id, doc2.doc_id], self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(2, new_gen)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev, 1),
+             (doc2.doc_id, doc2.rev, 2)],
+            [c[:2] + c[3:4] for c in self.other_changes])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            json.dumps(tests.simple_doc),
+            json.dumps(self.other_changes[0][2]))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            json.loads(tests.nested_doc),
+            json.loads(self.other_changes[1][2]))
+        if self.whitebox:
+            self.assertEqual(
+                self.db._last_exchange_log['return'],
+                {'last_gen': 2, 'docs':
+                 [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev), (doc2.doc_id, doc2.rev)]})
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Tests for actual encryption of the database
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class SQLCipherEncryptionTest(BaseLeapTest):
+    """
+    Tests to guarantee SQLCipher is indeed encrypting data when storing.
+    """
+
+    def _delete_dbfiles(self):
+        for dbfile in [self.DB_FILE]:
+            if os.path.exists(dbfile):
+                os.unlink(dbfile)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.DB_FILE = os.path.join(self.tempdir, 'test.db')
+        self._delete_dbfiles()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self._delete_dbfiles()
+
+    def test_try_to_open_encrypted_db_with_sqlite_backend(self):
+        """
+        SQLite backend should not succeed to open SQLCipher databases.
+        """
+        db = SQLCipherDatabase(self.DB_FILE, PASSWORD)
+        doc = db.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc)
+        db.close()
+        try:
+            # trying to open an encrypted database with the regular u1db
+            # backend should raise a DatabaseError exception.
+            SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(self.DB_FILE,
+                                        document_factory=SoledadDocument)
+            raise DatabaseIsNotEncrypted()
+        except dbapi2.DatabaseError:
+            # at this point we know that the regular U1DB sqlcipher backend
+            # did not succeed on opening the database, so it was indeed
+            # encrypted.
+            db = SQLCipherDatabase(self.DB_FILE, PASSWORD)
+            doc = db.get_doc(doc.doc_id)
+            self.assertEqual(tests.simple_doc, doc.get_json(),
+                             'decrypted content mismatch')
+
+    def test_try_to_open_raw_db_with_sqlcipher_backend(self):
+        """
+        SQLCipher backend should not succeed to open unencrypted databases.
+        """
+        db = SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(self.DB_FILE,
+                                         document_factory=SoledadDocument)
+        db.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc)
+        db.close()
+        try:
+            # trying to open the a non-encrypted database with sqlcipher
+            # backend should raise a DatabaseIsNotEncrypted exception.
+            SQLCipherDatabase(self.DB_FILE, PASSWORD)
+            raise db1pi2.DatabaseError(
+                "SQLCipher backend should not be able to open non-encrypted "
+                "dbs.")
+        except DatabaseIsNotEncrypted:
+            pass
+
+
+load_tests = tests.load_with_scenarios
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_target.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_target.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73c9fe68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_target.py
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# test_target.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013 LEAP
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+"""
+Test Leap backend bits.
+"""
+
+import u1db
+import os
+import ssl
+import simplejson as json
+import cStringIO
+
+
+from u1db.sync import Synchronizer
+from u1db.remote import (
+    http_client,
+    http_database,
+    http_target,
+)
+
+from leap import soledad
+from leap.soledad import (
+    target,
+    auth,
+)
+from leap.soledad.document import SoledadDocument
+from leap.soledad_server import (
+    SoledadApp,
+    SoledadAuthMiddleware,
+)
+
+
+from leap.soledad.tests import u1db_tests as tests
+from leap.soledad.tests import BaseSoledadTest
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import test_backends
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import test_http_database
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import test_http_client
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import test_document
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import test_remote_sync_target
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import test_https
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests import test_sync
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_backends`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def make_leap_document_for_test(test, doc_id, rev, content,
+                                has_conflicts=False):
+    return SoledadDocument(
+        doc_id, rev, content, has_conflicts=has_conflicts)
+
+
+def make_soledad_app(state):
+    return SoledadApp(state)
+
+
+def make_token_soledad_app(state):
+    app = SoledadApp(state)
+
+    def verify_token(environ, uuid, token):
+        if uuid == 'user-uuid' and token == 'auth-token':
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    # we test for action authorization in leap.soledad.tests.test_server
+    def verify_action(environ, uuid):
+        return True
+
+    application = SoledadAuthMiddleware(app)
+    application.verify_token = verify_token
+    application.verify_action = verify_action
+    return application
+
+
+LEAP_SCENARIOS = [
+    ('http', {
+        'make_database_for_test': test_backends.make_http_database_for_test,
+        'copy_database_for_test': test_backends.copy_http_database_for_test,
+        'make_document_for_test': make_leap_document_for_test,
+        'make_app_with_state': make_soledad_app}),
+]
+
+
+def make_token_http_database_for_test(test, replica_uid):
+    test.startServer()
+    test.request_state._create_database(replica_uid)
+
+    class _HTTPDatabaseWithToken(
+            http_database.HTTPDatabase, auth.TokenBasedAuth):
+
+        def set_token_credentials(self, uuid, token):
+            auth.TokenBasedAuth.set_token_credentials(self, uuid, token)
+
+        def _sign_request(self, method, url_query, params):
+            return auth.TokenBasedAuth._sign_request(
+                self, method, url_query, params)
+
+    http_db = _HTTPDatabaseWithToken(test.getURL('test'))
+    http_db.set_token_credentials('user-uuid', 'auth-token')
+    return http_db
+
+
+def copy_token_http_database_for_test(test, db):
+    # DO NOT COPY OR REUSE THIS CODE OUTSIDE TESTS: COPYING U1DB DATABASES IS
+    # THE WRONG THING TO DO, THE ONLY REASON WE DO SO HERE IS TO TEST THAT WE
+    # CORRECTLY DETECT IT HAPPENING SO THAT WE CAN RAISE ERRORS RATHER THAN
+    # CORRUPT USER DATA. USE SYNC INSTEAD, OR WE WILL SEND NINJA TO YOUR
+    # HOUSE.
+    http_db = test.request_state._copy_database(db)
+    http_db.set_token_credentials(http_db, 'user-uuid', 'auth-token')
+    return http_db
+
+
+class SoledadTests(test_backends.AllDatabaseTests, BaseSoledadTest):
+
+    scenarios = LEAP_SCENARIOS + [
+        ('token_http', {'make_database_for_test':
+                        make_token_http_database_for_test,
+                        'copy_database_for_test':
+                        copy_token_http_database_for_test,
+                        'make_document_for_test': make_leap_document_for_test,
+                        'make_app_with_state': make_token_soledad_app,
+                        })
+    ]
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_http_client`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestSoledadClientBase(test_http_client.TestHTTPClientBase):
+    """
+    This class should be used to test Token auth.
+    """
+
+    def getClientWithToken(self, **kwds):
+        self.startServer()
+
+        class _HTTPClientWithToken(
+                http_client.HTTPClientBase, auth.TokenBasedAuth):
+
+            def set_token_credentials(self, uuid, token):
+                auth.TokenBasedAuth.set_token_credentials(self, uuid, token)
+
+            def _sign_request(self, method, url_query, params):
+                return auth.TokenBasedAuth._sign_request(
+                    self, method, url_query, params)
+
+        return _HTTPClientWithToken(self.getURL('dbase'), **kwds)
+
+    def test_oauth(self):
+        """
+        Suppress oauth test (we test for token auth here).
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def test_oauth_ctr_creds(self):
+        """
+        Suppress oauth test (we test for token auth here).
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def test_oauth_Unauthorized(self):
+        """
+        Suppress oauth test (we test for token auth here).
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def app(self, environ, start_response):
+        res = test_http_client.TestHTTPClientBase.app(
+            self, environ, start_response)
+        if res is not None:
+            return res
+        # mime solead application here.
+        if '/token' in environ['PATH_INFO']:
+            auth = environ.get(SoledadAuthMiddleware.HTTP_AUTH_KEY)
+            if not auth:
+                start_response("401 Unauthorized",
+                               [('Content-Type', 'application/json')])
+                return [json.dumps({"error": "unauthorized",
+                                    "message": e.message})]
+            scheme, encoded = auth.split(None, 1)
+            if scheme.lower() != 'token':
+                start_response("401 Unauthorized",
+                               [('Content-Type', 'application/json')])
+                return [json.dumps({"error": "unauthorized",
+                                    "message": e.message})]
+            uuid, token = encoded.decode('base64').split(':', 1)
+            if uuid != 'user-uuid' and token != 'auth-token':
+                return unauth_err("Incorrect address or token.")
+            start_response("200 OK", [('Content-Type', 'application/json')])
+            return [json.dumps([environ['PATH_INFO'], uuid, token])]
+
+    def test_token(self):
+        """
+        Test if token is sent correctly.
+        """
+        cli = self.getClientWithToken()
+        cli.set_token_credentials('user-uuid', 'auth-token')
+        res, headers = cli._request('GET', ['doc', 'token'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ['/dbase/doc/token', 'user-uuid', 'auth-token'], json.loads(res))
+
+    def test_token_ctr_creds(self):
+        cli = self.getClientWithToken(creds={'token': {
+            'uuid': 'user-uuid',
+            'token': 'auth-token',
+        }})
+        res, headers = cli._request('GET', ['doc', 'token'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ['/dbase/doc/token', 'user-uuid', 'auth-token'], json.loads(res))
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_document`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestSoledadDocument(test_document.TestDocument, BaseSoledadTest):
+
+    scenarios = ([(
+        'leap', {'make_document_for_test': make_leap_document_for_test})])
+
+
+class TestSoledadPyDocument(test_document.TestPyDocument, BaseSoledadTest):
+
+    scenarios = ([(
+        'leap', {'make_document_for_test': make_leap_document_for_test})])
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_remote_sync_target`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestSoledadSyncTargetBasics(
+        test_remote_sync_target.TestHTTPSyncTargetBasics):
+    """
+    Some tests had to be copied to this class so we can instantiate our own
+    target.
+    """
+
+    def test_parse_url(self):
+        remote_target = target.SoledadSyncTarget('http://127.0.0.1:12345/')
+        self.assertEqual('http', remote_target._url.scheme)
+        self.assertEqual('127.0.0.1', remote_target._url.hostname)
+        self.assertEqual(12345, remote_target._url.port)
+        self.assertEqual('/', remote_target._url.path)
+
+
+class TestSoledadParsingSyncStream(
+        test_remote_sync_target.TestParsingSyncStream,
+        BaseSoledadTest):
+    """
+    Some tests had to be copied to this class so we can instantiate our own
+    target.
+    """
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        test_remote_sync_target.TestParsingSyncStream.setUp(self)
+        BaseSoledadTest.setUp(self)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        test_remote_sync_target.TestParsingSyncStream.tearDown(self)
+        BaseSoledadTest.tearDown(self)
+
+    def test_extra_comma(self):
+        """
+        Test adapted to use encrypted content.
+        """
+        doc = SoledadDocument('i', rev='r')
+        doc.content = {}
+        enc_json = target.encrypt_doc(self._soledad._crypto, doc)
+        tgt = target.SoledadSyncTarget(
+            "http://foo/foo", crypto=self._soledad._crypto)
+
+        self.assertRaises(u1db.errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream, "[\r\n{},\r\n]", None)
+        self.assertRaises(u1db.errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream,
+                          '[\r\n{},\r\n{"id": "i", "rev": "r", '
+                          '"content": %s, "gen": 3, "trans_id": "T-sid"}'
+                          ',\r\n]' % json.dumps(enc_json),
+                          lambda doc, gen, trans_id: None)
+
+    def test_wrong_start(self):
+        tgt = target.SoledadSyncTarget("http://foo/foo")
+
+        self.assertRaises(u1db.errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream, "{}\r\n]", None)
+
+        self.assertRaises(u1db.errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream, "\r\n{}\r\n]", None)
+
+        self.assertRaises(u1db.errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream, "", None)
+
+    def test_wrong_end(self):
+        tgt = target.SoledadSyncTarget("http://foo/foo")
+
+        self.assertRaises(u1db.errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream, "[\r\n{}", None)
+
+        self.assertRaises(u1db.errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream, "[\r\n", None)
+
+    def test_missing_comma(self):
+        tgt = target.SoledadSyncTarget("http://foo/foo")
+
+        self.assertRaises(u1db.errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream,
+                          '[\r\n{}\r\n{"id": "i", "rev": "r", '
+                          '"content": "c", "gen": 3}\r\n]', None)
+
+    def test_no_entries(self):
+        tgt = target.SoledadSyncTarget("http://foo/foo")
+
+        self.assertRaises(u1db.errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream, "[\r\n]", None)
+
+    def test_error_in_stream(self):
+        tgt = target.SoledadSyncTarget("http://foo/foo")
+
+        self.assertRaises(u1db.errors.Unavailable,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream,
+                          '[\r\n{"new_generation": 0},'
+                          '\r\n{"error": "unavailable"}\r\n', None)
+
+        self.assertRaises(u1db.errors.Unavailable,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream,
+                          '[\r\n{"error": "unavailable"}\r\n', None)
+
+        self.assertRaises(u1db.errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream,
+                          '[\r\n{"error": "?"}\r\n', None)
+
+
+#
+# functions for TestRemoteSyncTargets
+#
+
+def leap_sync_target(test, path):
+    return target.SoledadSyncTarget(
+        test.getURL(path), crypto=test._soledad._crypto)
+
+
+def token_leap_sync_target(test, path):
+    st = leap_sync_target(test, path)
+    st.set_token_credentials('user-uuid', 'auth-token')
+    return st
+
+
+class TestSoledadSyncTarget(
+        test_remote_sync_target.TestRemoteSyncTargets, BaseSoledadTest):
+
+    scenarios = [
+        ('token_soledad',
+            {'make_app_with_state': make_token_soledad_app,
+             'make_document_for_test': make_leap_document_for_test,
+             'sync_target': token_leap_sync_target}),
+    ]
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_send(self):
+        """
+        Test for sync exchanging send of document.
+
+        This test was adapted to decrypt remote content before assert.
+        """
+        self.startServer()
+        db = self.request_state._create_database('test')
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('test')
+        other_docs = []
+
+        def receive_doc(doc):
+            other_docs.append((doc.doc_id, doc.rev, doc.get_json()))
+
+        doc = self.make_document('doc-here', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here"}')
+        new_gen, trans_id = remote_target.sync_exchange(
+            [(doc, 10, 'T-sid')], 'replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=receive_doc)
+        self.assertEqual(1, new_gen)
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            db, 'doc-here', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here"}', False)
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_send_failure_and_retry_scenario(self):
+        """
+        Test for sync exchange failure and retry.
+
+        This test was adapted to decrypt remote content before assert.
+        """
+
+        self.startServer()
+
+        def blackhole_getstderr(inst):
+            return cStringIO.StringIO()
+
+        self.patch(self.server.RequestHandlerClass, 'get_stderr',
+                   blackhole_getstderr)
+        db = self.request_state._create_database('test')
+        _put_doc_if_newer = db._put_doc_if_newer
+        trigger_ids = ['doc-here2']
+
+        def bomb_put_doc_if_newer(doc, save_conflict,
+                                  replica_uid=None, replica_gen=None,
+                                  replica_trans_id=None):
+            if doc.doc_id in trigger_ids:
+                raise Exception
+            return _put_doc_if_newer(doc, save_conflict=save_conflict,
+                                     replica_uid=replica_uid,
+                                     replica_gen=replica_gen,
+                                     replica_trans_id=replica_trans_id)
+        self.patch(db, '_put_doc_if_newer', bomb_put_doc_if_newer)
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('test')
+        other_changes = []
+
+        def receive_doc(doc, gen, trans_id):
+            other_changes.append(
+                (doc.doc_id, doc.rev, doc.get_json(), gen, trans_id))
+
+        doc1 = self.make_document('doc-here', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here"}')
+        doc2 = self.make_document('doc-here2', 'replica:1',
+                                  '{"value": "here2"}')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            u1db.errors.HTTPError,
+            remote_target.sync_exchange,
+            [(doc1, 10, 'T-sid'), (doc2, 11, 'T-sud')],
+            'replica', last_known_generation=0, last_known_trans_id=None,
+            return_doc_cb=receive_doc)
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            db, 'doc-here', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here"}',
+            False)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (10, 'T-sid'), db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('replica'))
+        self.assertEqual([], other_changes)
+        # retry
+        trigger_ids = []
+        new_gen, trans_id = remote_target.sync_exchange(
+            [(doc2, 11, 'T-sud')], 'replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=receive_doc)
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            db, 'doc-here2', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here2"}',
+            False)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (11, 'T-sud'), db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('replica'))
+        self.assertEqual(2, new_gen)
+        # bounced back to us
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ('doc-here', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here"}', 1),
+            other_changes[0][:-1])
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_send_ensure_callback(self):
+        """
+        Test for sync exchange failure and retry.
+
+        This test was adapted to decrypt remote content before assert.
+        """
+        self.startServer()
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('test')
+        other_docs = []
+        replica_uid_box = []
+
+        def receive_doc(doc):
+            other_docs.append((doc.doc_id, doc.rev, doc.get_json()))
+
+        def ensure_cb(replica_uid):
+            replica_uid_box.append(replica_uid)
+
+        doc = self.make_document('doc-here', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here"}')
+        new_gen, trans_id = remote_target.sync_exchange(
+            [(doc, 10, 'T-sid')], 'replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=receive_doc,
+            ensure_callback=ensure_cb)
+        self.assertEqual(1, new_gen)
+        db = self.request_state.open_database('test')
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(replica_uid_box))
+        self.assertEqual(db._replica_uid, replica_uid_box[0])
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            db, 'doc-here', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here"}', False)
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_https`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def token_leap_https_sync_target(test, host, path):
+    _, port = test.server.server_address
+    st = target.SoledadSyncTarget(
+        'https://%s:%d/%s' % (host, port, path),
+        crypto=test._soledad._crypto)
+    st.set_token_credentials('user-uuid', 'auth-token')
+    return st
+
+
+class TestSoledadSyncTargetHttpsSupport(test_https.TestHttpSyncTargetHttpsSupport,
+                                     BaseSoledadTest):
+
+    scenarios = [
+        ('token_soledad_https',
+            {'server_def': test_https.https_server_def,
+             'make_app_with_state': make_token_soledad_app,
+             'make_document_for_test': make_leap_document_for_test,
+             'sync_target': token_leap_https_sync_target}),
+    ]
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        # the parent constructor undoes our SSL monkey patch to ensure tests
+        # run smoothly with standard u1db.
+        test_https.TestHttpSyncTargetHttpsSupport.setUp(self)
+        # so here monkey patch again to test our functionality.
+        http_client._VerifiedHTTPSConnection = soledad.VerifiedHTTPSConnection
+        soledad.SOLEDAD_CERT = http_client.CA_CERTS
+
+    def test_working(self):
+        """
+        Test that SSL connections work well.
+
+        This test was adapted to patch Soledad's HTTPS connection custom class
+        with the intended CA certificates.
+        """
+        self.startServer()
+        db = self.request_state._create_database('test')
+        self.patch(soledad, 'SOLEDAD_CERT', self.cacert_pem)
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('localhost', 'test')
+        remote_target.record_sync_info('other-id', 2, 'T-id')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (2, 'T-id'), db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other-id'))
+
+    def test_host_mismatch(self):
+        """
+        Test that SSL connections to a hostname different than the one in the
+        certificate raise CertificateError.
+
+        This test was adapted to patch Soledad's HTTPS connection custom class
+        with the intended CA certificates.
+        """
+        self.startServer()
+        self.request_state._create_database('test')
+        self.patch(soledad, 'SOLEDAD_CERT', self.cacert_pem)
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('127.0.0.1', 'test')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            http_client.CertificateError, remote_target.record_sync_info,
+            'other-id', 2, 'T-id')
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_http_database`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class _HTTPDatabase(http_database.HTTPDatabase, auth.TokenBasedAuth):
+    """
+    Wraps our token auth implementation.
+    """
+
+    def set_token_credentials(self, uuid, token):
+        auth.TokenBasedAuth.set_token_credentials(self, uuid, token)
+
+    def _sign_request(self, method, url_query, params):
+        return auth.TokenBasedAuth._sign_request(
+            self, method, url_query, params)
+
+
+class TestHTTPDatabaseWithCreds(
+        test_http_database.TestHTTPDatabaseCtrWithCreds):
+
+    def test_get_sync_target_inherits_token_credentials(self):
+        # this test was from TestDatabaseSimpleOperations but we put it here
+        # for convenience.
+        self.db = _HTTPDatabase('dbase')
+        self.db.set_token_credentials('user-uuid', 'auth-token')
+        st = self.db.get_sync_target()
+        self.assertEqual(self.db._creds, st._creds)
+
+    def test_ctr_with_creds(self):
+        db1 = _HTTPDatabase('http://dbs/db', creds={'token': {
+            'uuid': 'user-uuid',
+            'token': 'auth-token',
+        }})
+        self.assertIn('token', db1._creds)
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The following tests come from `u1db.tests.test_sync`.
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def _make_local_db_and_leap_target(test, path='test'):
+    test.startServer()
+    db = test.request_state._create_database(os.path.basename(path))
+    st = target.SoledadSyncTarget.connect(
+        test.getURL(path), crypto=test._soledad._crypto)
+    return db, st
+
+
+def _make_local_db_and_token_leap_target(test):
+    db, st = _make_local_db_and_leap_target(test, 'test')
+    st.set_token_credentials('user-uuid', 'auth-token')
+    return db, st
+
+
+target_scenarios = [
+    ('token_leap', {'create_db_and_target':
+                    _make_local_db_and_token_leap_target,
+                    'make_app_with_state': make_token_soledad_app}),
+]
+
+
+class SoledadDatabaseSyncTargetTests(
+        test_sync.DatabaseSyncTargetTests, BaseSoledadTest):
+
+    scenarios = (
+        tests.multiply_scenarios(
+            tests.DatabaseBaseTests.scenarios,
+            target_scenarios))
+
+    def test_sync_exchange(self):
+        """
+        Test sync exchange.
+
+        This test was adapted to decrypt remote content before assert.
+        """
+        sol = _make_local_db_and_leap_target(self)
+        docs_by_gen = [
+            (self.make_document('doc-id', 'replica:1', tests.simple_doc), 10,
+             'T-sid')]
+        new_gen, trans_id = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            docs_by_gen, 'replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            self.db, 'doc-id', 'replica:1', tests.simple_doc, False)
+        self.assertTransactionLog(['doc-id'], self.db)
+        last_trans_id = self.getLastTransId(self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(([], 1, last_trans_id),
+                         (self.other_changes, new_gen, last_trans_id))
+        self.assertEqual(10, self.st.get_sync_info('replica')[3])
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_push_many(self):
+        """
+        Test sync exchange.
+
+        This test was adapted to decrypt remote content before assert.
+        """
+        docs_by_gen = [
+            (self.make_document(
+                'doc-id', 'replica:1', tests.simple_doc), 10, 'T-1'),
+            (self.make_document(
+                'doc-id2', 'replica:1', tests.nested_doc), 11, 'T-2')]
+        new_gen, trans_id = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            docs_by_gen, 'replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            self.db, 'doc-id', 'replica:1', tests.simple_doc, False)
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            self.db, 'doc-id2', 'replica:1', tests.nested_doc, False)
+        self.assertTransactionLog(['doc-id', 'doc-id2'], self.db)
+        last_trans_id = self.getLastTransId(self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(([], 2, last_trans_id),
+                         (self.other_changes, new_gen, trans_id))
+        self.assertEqual(11, self.st.get_sync_info('replica')[3])
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_returns_many_new_docs(self):
+        """
+        Test sync exchange.
+
+        This test was adapted to avoid JSON serialization comparison as local
+        and remote representations might differ. It looks directly at the
+        doc's contents instead.
+        """
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(tests.nested_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id, doc2.doc_id], self.db)
+        new_gen, _ = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            [], 'other-replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id, doc2.doc_id], self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(2, new_gen)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev, 1),
+             (doc2.doc_id, doc2.rev, 2)],
+            [c[:-3] + c[-2:-1] for c in self.other_changes])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            json.loads(tests.simple_doc),
+            json.loads(self.other_changes[0][2]))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            json.loads(tests.nested_doc),
+            json.loads(self.other_changes[1][2]))
+        if self.whitebox:
+            self.assertEqual(
+                self.db._last_exchange_log['return'],
+                {'last_gen': 2, 'docs':
+                 [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev), (doc2.doc_id, doc2.rev)]})
+
+
+class TestSoledadDbSync(test_sync.TestDbSync, BaseSoledadTest):
+    """Test db.sync remote sync shortcut"""
+
+    scenarios = [
+        ('py-http', {
+            'make_app_with_state': make_soledad_app,
+            'make_database_for_test': tests.make_memory_database_for_test,
+        }),
+        ('py-token-http', {
+            'make_app_with_state': make_token_soledad_app,
+            'make_database_for_test': tests.make_memory_database_for_test,
+            'token': True
+        }),
+    ]
+
+    oauth = False
+    token = False
+
+    def do_sync(self, target_name):
+        """
+        Perform sync using SoledadSyncTarget and Token auth.
+        """
+        if self.token:
+            extra = dict(creds={'token': {
+                'uuid': 'user-uuid',
+                'token': 'auth-token',
+            }})
+            target_url = self.getURL(target_name)
+            return Synchronizer(
+                self.db,
+                target.SoledadSyncTarget(
+                    target_url,
+                    crypto=self._soledad._crypto,
+                    **extra)).sync(autocreate=True)
+        else:
+            return test_sync.TestDbSync.do_sync(self, target_name)
+
+    def test_db_sync(self):
+        """
+        Test sync.
+
+        Adapted to check for encrypted content.
+        """
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db2.create_doc_from_json(tests.nested_doc)
+        local_gen_before_sync = self.do_sync('test2.db')
+        gen, _, changes = self.db.whats_changed(local_gen_before_sync)
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(changes))
+        self.assertEqual(doc2.doc_id, changes[0][0])
+        self.assertEqual(1, gen - local_gen_before_sync)
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            self.db2, doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev, tests.simple_doc, False)
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            self.db, doc2.doc_id, doc2.rev, tests.nested_doc, False)
+
+    def test_db_sync_autocreate(self):
+        """
+        Test sync.
+
+        Adapted to check for encrypted content.
+        """
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc)
+        local_gen_before_sync = self.do_sync('test3.db')
+        gen, _, changes = self.db.whats_changed(local_gen_before_sync)
+        self.assertEqual(0, gen - local_gen_before_sync)
+        db3 = self.request_state.open_database('test3.db')
+        gen, _, changes = db3.whats_changed()
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(changes))
+        self.assertEqual(doc1.doc_id, changes[0][0])
+        self.assertGetEncryptedDoc(
+            db3, doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev, tests.simple_doc, False)
+        t_gen, _ = self.db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('test3.db')
+        s_gen, _ = db3._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('test1')
+        self.assertEqual(1, t_gen)
+        self.assertEqual(1, s_gen)
+
+
+load_tests = tests.load_with_scenarios
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/README b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/README
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..605f01fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/README
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+General info
+------------
+
+Test files in this directory are derived from u1db-0.1.4 tests. The main
+difference is that:
+
+  (1) they include the test infrastructure packed with soledad; and
+  (2) they do not include c_backend_wrapper testing.
+
+Dependencies
+------------
+
+u1db tests depend on the following python packages:
+
+  nose2
+  unittest2
+  mercurial
+  hgtools
+  testtools
+  discover
+  oauth
+  testscenarios
+  dirspec
+  paste
+  routes
+  simplejson
+  cython
+
+Running tests
+-------------
+
+Use nose2 to run tests:
+
+  nose2 leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/__init__.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43304b43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+# Copyright 2011-2012 Canonical Ltd.
+#
+# This file is part of u1db.
+#
+# u1db is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# u1db is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with u1db.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""Test infrastructure for U1DB"""
+
+import copy
+import shutil
+import socket
+import tempfile
+import threading
+
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+except ImportError:
+    import json  # noqa
+
+from wsgiref import simple_server
+
+from oauth import oauth
+from pysqlcipher import dbapi2
+from StringIO import StringIO
+
+import testscenarios
+import testtools
+
+from u1db import (
+    errors,
+    Document,
+)
+from u1db.backends import (
+    inmemory,
+    sqlite_backend,
+)
+from u1db.remote import (
+    server_state,
+)
+
+
+class TestCase(testtools.TestCase):
+
+    def createTempDir(self, prefix='u1db-tmp-'):
+        """Create a temporary directory to do some work in.
+
+        This directory will be scheduled for cleanup when the test ends.
+        """
+        tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=prefix)
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, tempdir)
+        return tempdir
+
+    def make_document(self, doc_id, doc_rev, content, has_conflicts=False):
+        return self.make_document_for_test(
+            self, doc_id, doc_rev, content, has_conflicts)
+
+    def make_document_for_test(self, test, doc_id, doc_rev, content,
+                               has_conflicts):
+        return make_document_for_test(
+            test, doc_id, doc_rev, content, has_conflicts)
+
+    def assertGetDoc(self, db, doc_id, doc_rev, content, has_conflicts):
+        """Assert that the document in the database looks correct."""
+        exp_doc = self.make_document(doc_id, doc_rev, content,
+                                     has_conflicts=has_conflicts)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_doc, db.get_doc(doc_id))
+
+    def assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(self, db, doc_id, doc_rev, content,
+                                   has_conflicts):
+        """Assert that the document in the database looks correct."""
+        exp_doc = self.make_document(doc_id, doc_rev, content,
+                                     has_conflicts=has_conflicts)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_doc, db.get_doc(doc_id, include_deleted=True))
+
+    def assertGetDocConflicts(self, db, doc_id, conflicts):
+        """Assert what conflicts are stored for a given doc_id.
+
+        :param conflicts: A list of (doc_rev, content) pairs.
+            The first item must match the first item returned from the
+            database, however the rest can be returned in any order.
+        """
+        if conflicts:
+            conflicts = [(rev,
+                          (json.loads(cont) if isinstance(cont, basestring)
+                           else cont)) for (rev, cont) in conflicts]
+            conflicts = conflicts[:1] + sorted(conflicts[1:])
+        actual = db.get_doc_conflicts(doc_id)
+        if actual:
+            actual = [
+                (doc.rev, (json.loads(doc.get_json())
+                           if doc.get_json() is not None else None))
+                for doc in actual]
+            actual = actual[:1] + sorted(actual[1:])
+        self.assertEqual(conflicts, actual)
+
+
+def multiply_scenarios(a_scenarios, b_scenarios):
+    """Create the cross-product of scenarios."""
+
+    all_scenarios = []
+    for a_name, a_attrs in a_scenarios:
+        for b_name, b_attrs in b_scenarios:
+            name = '%s,%s' % (a_name, b_name)
+            attrs = dict(a_attrs)
+            attrs.update(b_attrs)
+            all_scenarios.append((name, attrs))
+    return all_scenarios
+
+
+simple_doc = '{"key": "value"}'
+nested_doc = '{"key": "value", "sub": {"doc": "underneath"}}'
+
+
+def make_memory_database_for_test(test, replica_uid):
+    return inmemory.InMemoryDatabase(replica_uid)
+
+
+def copy_memory_database_for_test(test, db):
+    # DO NOT COPY OR REUSE THIS CODE OUTSIDE TESTS: COPYING U1DB DATABASES IS
+    # THE WRONG THING TO DO, THE ONLY REASON WE DO SO HERE IS TO TEST THAT WE
+    # CORRECTLY DETECT IT HAPPENING SO THAT WE CAN RAISE ERRORS RATHER THAN
+    # CORRUPT USER DATA. USE SYNC INSTEAD, OR WE WILL SEND NINJA TO YOUR
+    # HOUSE.
+    new_db = inmemory.InMemoryDatabase(db._replica_uid)
+    new_db._transaction_log = db._transaction_log[:]
+    new_db._docs = copy.deepcopy(db._docs)
+    new_db._conflicts = copy.deepcopy(db._conflicts)
+    new_db._indexes = copy.deepcopy(db._indexes)
+    new_db._factory = db._factory
+    return new_db
+
+
+def make_sqlite_partial_expanded_for_test(test, replica_uid):
+    db = sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(':memory:')
+    db._set_replica_uid(replica_uid)
+    return db
+
+
+def copy_sqlite_partial_expanded_for_test(test, db):
+    # DO NOT COPY OR REUSE THIS CODE OUTSIDE TESTS: COPYING U1DB DATABASES IS
+    # THE WRONG THING TO DO, THE ONLY REASON WE DO SO HERE IS TO TEST THAT WE
+    # CORRECTLY DETECT IT HAPPENING SO THAT WE CAN RAISE ERRORS RATHER THAN
+    # CORRUPT USER DATA. USE SYNC INSTEAD, OR WE WILL SEND NINJA TO YOUR
+    # HOUSE.
+    new_db = sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(':memory:')
+    tmpfile = StringIO()
+    for line in db._db_handle.iterdump():
+        if not 'sqlite_sequence' in line:  # work around bug in iterdump
+            tmpfile.write('%s\n' % line)
+    tmpfile.seek(0)
+    new_db._db_handle = dbapi2.connect(':memory:')
+    new_db._db_handle.cursor().executescript(tmpfile.read())
+    new_db._db_handle.commit()
+    new_db._set_replica_uid(db._replica_uid)
+    new_db._factory = db._factory
+    return new_db
+
+
+def make_document_for_test(test, doc_id, rev, content, has_conflicts=False):
+    return Document(doc_id, rev, content, has_conflicts=has_conflicts)
+
+
+LOCAL_DATABASES_SCENARIOS = [
+    ('mem', {'make_database_for_test': make_memory_database_for_test,
+             'copy_database_for_test': copy_memory_database_for_test,
+             'make_document_for_test': make_document_for_test}),
+    ('sql', {'make_database_for_test':
+             make_sqlite_partial_expanded_for_test,
+             'copy_database_for_test':
+             copy_sqlite_partial_expanded_for_test,
+             'make_document_for_test': make_document_for_test}),
+]
+
+
+class DatabaseBaseTests(TestCase):
+
+    accept_fixed_trans_id = False  # set to True assertTransactionLog
+                                   # is happy with all trans ids = ''
+
+    scenarios = LOCAL_DATABASES_SCENARIOS
+
+    def create_database(self, replica_uid):
+        return self.make_database_for_test(self, replica_uid)
+
+    def copy_database(self, db):
+        # DO NOT COPY OR REUSE THIS CODE OUTSIDE TESTS: COPYING U1DB DATABASES
+        # IS THE WRONG THING TO DO, THE ONLY REASON WE DO SO HERE IS TO TEST
+        # THAT WE CORRECTLY DETECT IT HAPPENING SO THAT WE CAN RAISE ERRORS
+        # RATHER THAN CORRUPT USER DATA. USE SYNC INSTEAD, OR WE WILL SEND
+        # NINJA TO YOUR HOUSE.
+        return self.copy_database_for_test(self, db)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(DatabaseBaseTests, self).setUp()
+        self.db = self.create_database('test')
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        # TODO: Add close_database parameterization
+        # self.close_database(self.db)
+        super(DatabaseBaseTests, self).tearDown()
+
+    def assertTransactionLog(self, doc_ids, db):
+        """Assert that the given docs are in the transaction log."""
+        log = db._get_transaction_log()
+        just_ids = []
+        seen_transactions = set()
+        for doc_id, transaction_id in log:
+            just_ids.append(doc_id)
+            self.assertIsNot(None, transaction_id,
+                             "Transaction id should not be None")
+            if transaction_id == '' and self.accept_fixed_trans_id:
+                continue
+            self.assertNotEqual('', transaction_id,
+                                "Transaction id should be a unique string")
+            self.assertTrue(transaction_id.startswith('T-'))
+            self.assertNotIn(transaction_id, seen_transactions)
+            seen_transactions.add(transaction_id)
+        self.assertEqual(doc_ids, just_ids)
+
+    def getLastTransId(self, db):
+        """Return the transaction id for the last database update."""
+        return self.db._get_transaction_log()[-1][-1]
+
+
+class ServerStateForTests(server_state.ServerState):
+    """Used in the test suite, so we don't have to touch disk, etc."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(ServerStateForTests, self).__init__()
+        self._dbs = {}
+
+    def open_database(self, path):
+        try:
+            return self._dbs[path]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist
+
+    def check_database(self, path):
+        # cares only about the possible exception
+        self.open_database(path)
+
+    def ensure_database(self, path):
+        try:
+            db = self.open_database(path)
+        except errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist:
+            db = self._create_database(path)
+        return db, db._replica_uid
+
+    def _copy_database(self, db):
+        # DO NOT COPY OR REUSE THIS CODE OUTSIDE TESTS: COPYING U1DB DATABASES
+        # IS THE WRONG THING TO DO, THE ONLY REASON WE DO SO HERE IS TO TEST
+        # THAT WE CORRECTLY DETECT IT HAPPENING SO THAT WE CAN RAISE ERRORS
+        # RATHER THAN CORRUPT USER DATA. USE SYNC INSTEAD, OR WE WILL SEND
+        # NINJA TO YOUR HOUSE.
+        new_db = copy_memory_database_for_test(None, db)
+        path = db._replica_uid
+        while path in self._dbs:
+            path += 'copy'
+        self._dbs[path] = new_db
+        return new_db
+
+    def _create_database(self, path):
+        db = inmemory.InMemoryDatabase(path)
+        self._dbs[path] = db
+        return db
+
+    def delete_database(self, path):
+        del self._dbs[path]
+
+
+class ResponderForTests(object):
+    """Responder for tests."""
+    _started = False
+    sent_response = False
+    status = None
+
+    def start_response(self, status='success', **kwargs):
+        self._started = True
+        self.status = status
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+    def send_response(self, status='success', **kwargs):
+        self.start_response(status, **kwargs)
+        self.finish_response()
+
+    def finish_response(self):
+        self.sent_response = True
+
+
+class TestCaseWithServer(TestCase):
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def server_def():
+        # hook point
+        # should return (ServerClass, "shutdown method name", "url_scheme")
+        class _RequestHandler(simple_server.WSGIRequestHandler):
+            def log_request(*args):
+                pass  # suppress
+
+        def make_server(host_port, application):
+            assert application, "forgot to override make_app(_with_state)?"
+            srv = simple_server.WSGIServer(host_port, _RequestHandler)
+            # patch the value in if it's None
+            if getattr(application, 'base_url', 1) is None:
+                application.base_url = "http://%s:%s" % srv.server_address
+            srv.set_app(application)
+            return srv
+
+        return make_server, "shutdown", "http"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def make_app_with_state(state):
+        # hook point
+        return None
+
+    def make_app(self):
+        # potential hook point
+        self.request_state = ServerStateForTests()
+        return self.make_app_with_state(self.request_state)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestCaseWithServer, self).setUp()
+        self.server = self.server_thread = None
+
+    @property
+    def url_scheme(self):
+        return self.server_def()[-1]
+
+    def startServer(self):
+        server_def = self.server_def()
+        server_class, shutdown_meth, _ = server_def
+        application = self.make_app()
+        self.server = server_class(('127.0.0.1', 0), application)
+        self.server_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.server.serve_forever,
+                                              kwargs=dict(poll_interval=0.01))
+        self.server_thread.start()
+        self.addCleanup(self.server_thread.join)
+        self.addCleanup(getattr(self.server, shutdown_meth))
+
+    def getURL(self, path=None):
+        host, port = self.server.server_address
+        if path is None:
+            path = ''
+        return '%s://%s:%s/%s' % (self.url_scheme, host, port, path)
+
+
+def socket_pair():
+    """Return a pair of TCP sockets connected to each other.
+
+    Unlike socket.socketpair, this should work on Windows.
+    """
+    sock_pair = getattr(socket, 'socket_pair', None)
+    if sock_pair:
+        return sock_pair(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+    listen_sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+    listen_sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 0))
+    listen_sock.listen(1)
+    client_sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+    client_sock.connect(listen_sock.getsockname())
+    server_sock, addr = listen_sock.accept()
+    listen_sock.close()
+    return server_sock, client_sock
+
+
+# OAuth related testing
+
+consumer1 = oauth.OAuthConsumer('K1', 'S1')
+token1 = oauth.OAuthToken('kkkk1', 'XYZ')
+consumer2 = oauth.OAuthConsumer('K2', 'S2')
+token2 = oauth.OAuthToken('kkkk2', 'ZYX')
+token3 = oauth.OAuthToken('kkkk3', 'ZYX')
+
+
+class TestingOAuthDataStore(oauth.OAuthDataStore):
+    """In memory predefined OAuthDataStore for testing."""
+
+    consumers = {
+        consumer1.key: consumer1,
+        consumer2.key: consumer2,
+    }
+
+    tokens = {
+        token1.key: token1,
+        token2.key: token2
+    }
+
+    def lookup_consumer(self, key):
+        return self.consumers.get(key)
+
+    def lookup_token(self, token_type, token_token):
+        return self.tokens.get(token_token)
+
+    def lookup_nonce(self, oauth_consumer, oauth_token, nonce):
+        return None
+
+testingOAuthStore = TestingOAuthDataStore()
+
+sign_meth_HMAC_SHA1 = oauth.OAuthSignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1()
+sign_meth_PLAINTEXT = oauth.OAuthSignatureMethod_PLAINTEXT()
+
+
+def load_with_scenarios(loader, standard_tests, pattern):
+    """Load the tests in a given module.
+
+    This just applies testscenarios.generate_scenarios to all the tests that
+    are present. We do it at load time rather than at run time, because it
+    plays nicer with various tools.
+    """
+    suite = loader.suiteClass()
+    suite.addTests(testscenarios.generate_scenarios(standard_tests))
+    return suite
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_backends.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_backends.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a53b01ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_backends.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1907 @@
+# Copyright 2011 Canonical Ltd.
+#
+# This file is part of u1db.
+#
+# u1db is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# u1db is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with u1db.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""The backend class for U1DB. This deals with hiding storage details."""
+
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+except ImportError:
+    import json  # noqa
+from u1db import (
+    DocumentBase,
+    errors,
+    vectorclock,
+)
+
+from leap.soledad.tests import u1db_tests as tests
+
+simple_doc = tests.simple_doc
+nested_doc = tests.nested_doc
+
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests.test_remote_sync_target import (
+    make_http_app,
+    make_oauth_http_app,
+)
+
+from u1db.remote import (
+    http_database,
+)
+
+
+def make_http_database_for_test(test, replica_uid, path='test'):
+    test.startServer()
+    test.request_state._create_database(replica_uid)
+    return http_database.HTTPDatabase(test.getURL(path))
+
+
+def copy_http_database_for_test(test, db):
+    # DO NOT COPY OR REUSE THIS CODE OUTSIDE TESTS: COPYING U1DB DATABASES IS
+    # THE WRONG THING TO DO, THE ONLY REASON WE DO SO HERE IS TO TEST THAT WE
+    # CORRECTLY DETECT IT HAPPENING SO THAT WE CAN RAISE ERRORS RATHER THAN
+    # CORRUPT USER DATA. USE SYNC INSTEAD, OR WE WILL SEND NINJA TO YOUR
+    # HOUSE.
+    return test.request_state._copy_database(db)
+
+
+def make_oauth_http_database_for_test(test, replica_uid):
+    http_db = make_http_database_for_test(test, replica_uid, '~/test')
+    http_db.set_oauth_credentials(tests.consumer1.key, tests.consumer1.secret,
+                                  tests.token1.key, tests.token1.secret)
+    return http_db
+
+
+def copy_oauth_http_database_for_test(test, db):
+    # DO NOT COPY OR REUSE THIS CODE OUTSIDE TESTS: COPYING U1DB DATABASES IS
+    # THE WRONG THING TO DO, THE ONLY REASON WE DO SO HERE IS TO TEST THAT WE
+    # CORRECTLY DETECT IT HAPPENING SO THAT WE CAN RAISE ERRORS RATHER THAN
+    # CORRUPT USER DATA. USE SYNC INSTEAD, OR WE WILL SEND NINJA TO YOUR
+    # HOUSE.
+    http_db = test.request_state._copy_database(db)
+    http_db.set_oauth_credentials(tests.consumer1.key, tests.consumer1.secret,
+                                  tests.token1.key, tests.token1.secret)
+    return http_db
+
+
+class TestAlternativeDocument(DocumentBase):
+    """A (not very) alternative implementation of Document."""
+
+
+class AllDatabaseTests(tests.DatabaseBaseTests, tests.TestCaseWithServer):
+
+    scenarios = tests.LOCAL_DATABASES_SCENARIOS + [
+        ('http', {'make_database_for_test': make_http_database_for_test,
+                  'copy_database_for_test': copy_http_database_for_test,
+                  'make_document_for_test': tests.make_document_for_test,
+                  'make_app_with_state': make_http_app}),
+        ('oauth_http', {'make_database_for_test':
+                        make_oauth_http_database_for_test,
+                        'copy_database_for_test':
+                        copy_oauth_http_database_for_test,
+                        'make_document_for_test': tests.make_document_for_test,
+                        'make_app_with_state': make_oauth_http_app})
+    ]
+
+    def test_close(self):
+        self.db.close()
+
+    def test_create_doc_allocating_doc_id(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertNotEqual(None, doc.doc_id)
+        self.assertNotEqual(None, doc.rev)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_create_doc_different_ids_same_db(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.assertNotEqual(doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id)
+
+    def test_create_doc_with_id(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my-id')
+        self.assertEqual('my-id', doc.doc_id)
+        self.assertNotEqual(None, doc.rev)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_create_doc_existing_id(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        new_content = '{"something": "else"}'
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.RevisionConflict, self.db.create_doc_from_json,
+            new_content, doc.doc_id)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_put_doc_creating_initial(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('my_doc_id', None, simple_doc)
+        new_rev = self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertIsNot(None, new_rev)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc_id', new_rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_put_doc_space_in_id(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('my doc id', None, simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidDocId, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+
+    def test_put_doc_update(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        orig_rev = doc.rev
+        doc.set_json('{"updated": "stuff"}')
+        new_rev = self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertNotEqual(new_rev, orig_rev)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc_id', new_rev,
+                          '{"updated": "stuff"}', False)
+        self.assertEqual(doc.rev, new_rev)
+
+    def test_put_non_ascii_key(self):
+        content = json.dumps({u'key\xe5': u'val'})
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content, doc_id='my_doc')
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc', doc.rev, content, False)
+
+    def test_put_non_ascii_value(self):
+        content = json.dumps({'key': u'\xe5'})
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content, doc_id='my_doc')
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc', doc.rev, content, False)
+
+    def test_put_doc_refuses_no_id(self):
+        doc = self.make_document(None, None, simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidDocId, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+        doc = self.make_document("", None, simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidDocId, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+
+    def test_put_doc_refuses_slashes(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('a/b', None, simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidDocId, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+        doc = self.make_document(r'\b', None, simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidDocId, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+
+    def test_put_doc_url_quoting_is_fine(self):
+        doc_id = "%2F%2Ffoo%2Fbar"
+        doc = self.make_document(doc_id, None, simple_doc)
+        new_rev = self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc_id, new_rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_put_doc_refuses_non_existing_old_rev(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('doc-id', 'test:4', simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.RevisionConflict, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+
+    def test_put_doc_refuses_non_ascii_doc_id(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('d\xc3\xa5c-id', None, simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidDocId, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+
+    def test_put_fails_with_bad_old_rev(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        old_rev = doc.rev
+        bad_doc = self.make_document(doc.doc_id, 'other:1',
+                                     '{"something": "else"}')
+        self.assertRaises(errors.RevisionConflict, self.db.put_doc, bad_doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc_id', old_rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_create_succeeds_after_delete(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        deleted_doc = self.db.get_doc('my_doc_id', include_deleted=True)
+        deleted_vc = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(deleted_doc.rev)
+        new_doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc_id', new_doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+        new_vc = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(new_doc.rev)
+        self.assertTrue(
+            new_vc.is_newer(deleted_vc),
+            "%s does not supersede %s" % (new_doc.rev, deleted_doc.rev))
+
+    def test_put_succeeds_after_delete(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        deleted_doc = self.db.get_doc('my_doc_id', include_deleted=True)
+        deleted_vc = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(deleted_doc.rev)
+        doc2 = self.make_document('my_doc_id', None, simple_doc)
+        self.db.put_doc(doc2)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc_id', doc2.rev, simple_doc, False)
+        new_vc = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc2.rev)
+        self.assertTrue(
+            new_vc.is_newer(deleted_vc),
+            "%s does not supersede %s" % (doc2.rev, deleted_doc.rev))
+
+    def test_get_doc_after_put(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc_id', doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_get_doc_nonexisting(self):
+        self.assertIs(None, self.db.get_doc('non-existing'))
+
+    def test_get_doc_deleted(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertIs(None, self.db.get_doc('my_doc_id'))
+
+    def test_get_doc_include_deleted(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, None, False)
+
+    def test_get_docs(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.assertEqual([doc1, doc2],
+                         list(self.db.get_docs([doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id])))
+
+    def test_get_docs_deleted(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc1)
+        self.assertEqual([doc2],
+                         list(self.db.get_docs([doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id])))
+
+    def test_get_docs_include_deleted(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc1, doc2],
+            list(self.db.get_docs([doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id],
+                                  include_deleted=True)))
+
+    def test_get_docs_request_ordered(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.assertEqual([doc1, doc2],
+                         list(self.db.get_docs([doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id])))
+        self.assertEqual([doc2, doc1],
+                         list(self.db.get_docs([doc2.doc_id, doc1.doc_id])))
+
+    def test_get_docs_empty_list(self):
+        self.assertEqual([], list(self.db.get_docs([])))
+
+    def test_handles_nested_content(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, nested_doc, False)
+
+    def test_handles_doc_with_null(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": null}')
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, '{"key": null}', False)
+
+    def test_delete_doc(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+        orig_rev = doc.rev
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertNotEqual(orig_rev, doc.rev)
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, None, False)
+        self.assertIs(None, self.db.get_doc(doc.doc_id))
+
+    def test_delete_doc_non_existent(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('non-existing', 'other:1', simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DocumentDoesNotExist, self.db.delete_doc, doc)
+
+    def test_delete_doc_already_deleted(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DocumentAlreadyDeleted,
+                          self.db.delete_doc, doc)
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, None, False)
+
+    def test_delete_doc_bad_rev(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev, simple_doc, False)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'other:1', simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.RevisionConflict, self.db.delete_doc, doc2)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_delete_doc_sets_content_to_None(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertIs(None, doc.get_json())
+
+    def test_delete_doc_rev_supersedes(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc.set_json(nested_doc)
+        self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        doc.set_json('{"fishy": "content"}')
+        self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        old_rev = doc.rev
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        cur_vc = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(old_rev)
+        deleted_vc = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc.rev)
+        self.assertTrue(deleted_vc.is_newer(cur_vc),
+                        "%s does not supersede %s" % (doc.rev, old_rev))
+
+    def test_delete_then_put(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, None, False)
+        doc.set_json(nested_doc)
+        self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, nested_doc, False)
+
+
+class DocumentSizeTests(tests.DatabaseBaseTests):
+
+    scenarios = tests.LOCAL_DATABASES_SCENARIOS
+
+    def test_put_doc_refuses_oversized_documents(self):
+        self.db.set_document_size_limit(1)
+        doc = self.make_document('doc-id', None, simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DocumentTooBig, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+
+    def test_create_doc_refuses_oversized_documents(self):
+        self.db.set_document_size_limit(1)
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.DocumentTooBig, self.db.create_doc_from_json, simple_doc,
+            doc_id='my_doc_id')
+
+    def test_set_document_size_limit_zero(self):
+        self.db.set_document_size_limit(0)
+        self.assertEqual(0, self.db.document_size_limit)
+
+    def test_set_document_size_limit(self):
+        self.db.set_document_size_limit(1000000)
+        self.assertEqual(1000000, self.db.document_size_limit)
+
+
+class LocalDatabaseTests(tests.DatabaseBaseTests):
+
+    scenarios = tests.LOCAL_DATABASES_SCENARIOS
+
+    def test_create_doc_different_ids_diff_db(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        db2 = self.create_database('other-uid')
+        doc2 = db2.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertNotEqual(doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id)
+
+    def test_put_doc_refuses_slashes_picky(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('/a', None, simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidDocId, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+
+    def test_get_all_docs_empty(self):
+        self.assertEqual([], list(self.db.get_all_docs()[1]))
+
+    def test_get_all_docs(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted([doc1, doc2]), sorted(list(self.db.get_all_docs()[1])))
+
+    def test_get_all_docs_exclude_deleted(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc2)
+        self.assertEqual([doc1], list(self.db.get_all_docs()[1]))
+
+    def test_get_all_docs_include_deleted(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted([doc1, doc2]),
+            sorted(list(self.db.get_all_docs(include_deleted=True)[1])))
+
+    def test_get_all_docs_generation(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.assertEqual(2, self.db.get_all_docs()[0])
+
+    def test_simple_put_doc_if_newer(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('my-doc-id', 'test:1', simple_doc)
+        state_at_gen = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc, save_conflict=False, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertEqual(('inserted', 1), state_at_gen)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my-doc-id', 'test:1', simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_simple_put_doc_if_newer_deleted(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{}', doc_id='my-doc-id')
+        doc = self.make_document('my-doc-id', 'test:2', None)
+        state_at_gen = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc, save_conflict=False, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertEqual(('inserted', 2), state_at_gen)
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db, 'my-doc-id', 'test:2', None, False)
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_already_superseded(self):
+        orig_doc = '{"new": "doc"}'
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(orig_doc)
+        doc1_rev1 = doc1.rev
+        doc1.set_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.put_doc(doc1)
+        doc1_rev2 = doc1.rev
+        # Nothing is inserted, because the document is already superseded
+        doc = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, doc1_rev1, orig_doc)
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc, save_conflict=False, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertEqual('superseded', state)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc1.doc_id, doc1_rev2, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_autoresolve(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        rev = doc1.rev
+        doc = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, "whatever:1", doc1.get_json())
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc, save_conflict=False, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertEqual('superseded', state)
+        doc2 = self.db.get_doc(doc1.doc_id)
+        v2 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc2.rev)
+        self.assertTrue(v2.is_newer(vectorclock.VectorClockRev("whatever:1")))
+        self.assertTrue(v2.is_newer(vectorclock.VectorClockRev(rev)))
+        # strictly newer locally
+        self.assertTrue(rev not in doc2.rev)
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_already_converged(self):
+        orig_doc = '{"new": "doc"}'
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(orig_doc)
+        state_at_gen = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc1, save_conflict=False, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertEqual(('converged', 1), state_at_gen)
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_conflicted(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        # Nothing is inserted, the document id is returned as would-conflict
+        alt_doc = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            alt_doc, save_conflict=False, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertEqual('conflicted', state)
+        # The database wasn't altered
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_newer_generation(self):
+        self.db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other', 1, 'T-sid')
+        doc = self.make_document('doc_id', 'other:2', simple_doc)
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc, save_conflict=False, replica_uid='other', replica_gen=2,
+            replica_trans_id='T-irrelevant')
+        self.assertEqual('inserted', state)
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_same_generation_same_txid(self):
+        self.db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other', 1, 'T-sid')
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.make_document(doc.doc_id, 'other:1', simple_doc)
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc, save_conflict=False, replica_uid='other', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='T-sid')
+        self.assertEqual('converged', state)
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_wrong_transaction_id(self):
+        self.db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other', 1, 'T-sid')
+        doc = self.make_document('doc_id', 'other:1', simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidTransactionId,
+            self.db._put_doc_if_newer, doc, save_conflict=False,
+            replica_uid='other', replica_gen=1, replica_trans_id='T-sad')
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_old_generation_older_doc(self):
+        orig_doc = '{"new": "doc"}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(orig_doc)
+        doc_rev1 = doc.rev
+        doc.set_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other', 3, 'T-sid')
+        older_doc = self.make_document(doc.doc_id, doc_rev1, simple_doc)
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            older_doc, save_conflict=False, replica_uid='other', replica_gen=8,
+            replica_trans_id='T-irrelevant')
+        self.assertEqual('superseded', state)
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_old_generation_newer_doc(self):
+        self.db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other', 5, 'T-sid')
+        doc = self.make_document('doc_id', 'other:1', simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidGeneration,
+            self.db._put_doc_if_newer, doc, save_conflict=False,
+            replica_uid='other', replica_gen=1, replica_trans_id='T-sad')
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_replica_uid(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other', 1, 'T-sid')
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev + '|other:1',
+                                  nested_doc)
+        self.assertEqual('inserted',
+                         self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+                             doc2,
+                             save_conflict=False,
+                             replica_uid='other',
+                             replica_gen=2,
+                             replica_trans_id='T-id2')[0])
+        self.assertEqual((2, 'T-id2'), self.db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(
+            'other'))
+        # Compare to the old rev, should be superseded
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev, nested_doc)
+        self.assertEqual('superseded',
+                         self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+                             doc2,
+                             save_conflict=False,
+                             replica_uid='other',
+                             replica_gen=3,
+                             replica_trans_id='T-id3')[0])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (3, 'T-id3'), self.db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other'))
+        # A conflict that isn't saved still records the sync gen, because we
+        # don't need to see it again
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev + '|fourth:1',
+                                  '{}')
+        self.assertEqual('conflicted',
+                         self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+                             doc2,
+                             save_conflict=False,
+                             replica_uid='other',
+                             replica_gen=4,
+                             replica_trans_id='T-id4')[0])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (4, 'T-id4'), self.db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other'))
+
+    def test__get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (0, ''), self.db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other-db'))
+        self.db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other-db', 2, 'T-transaction')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (2, 'T-transaction'),
+            self.db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other-db'))
+
+    def test_put_updates_transaction_log(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        doc.set_json('{"something": "else"}')
+        self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id, doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        last_trans_id = self.getLastTransId(self.db)
+        self.assertEqual((2, last_trans_id, [(doc.doc_id, 2, last_trans_id)]),
+                         self.db.whats_changed())
+
+    def test_delete_updates_transaction_log(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        db_gen, _, _ = self.db.whats_changed()
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        last_trans_id = self.getLastTransId(self.db)
+        self.assertEqual((2, last_trans_id, [(doc.doc_id, 2, last_trans_id)]),
+                         self.db.whats_changed(db_gen))
+
+    def test_whats_changed_initial_database(self):
+        self.assertEqual((0, '', []), self.db.whats_changed())
+
+    def test_whats_changed_returns_one_id_for_multiple_changes(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc.set_json('{"new": "contents"}')
+        self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        last_trans_id = self.getLastTransId(self.db)
+        self.assertEqual((2, last_trans_id, [(doc.doc_id, 2, last_trans_id)]),
+                         self.db.whats_changed())
+        self.assertEqual((2, last_trans_id, []), self.db.whats_changed(2))
+
+    def test_whats_changed_returns_last_edits_ascending(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc.set_json('{"new": "contents"}')
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc1)
+        delete_trans_id = self.getLastTransId(self.db)
+        self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        put_trans_id = self.getLastTransId(self.db)
+        self.assertEqual((4, put_trans_id,
+                          [(doc1.doc_id, 3, delete_trans_id),
+                           (doc.doc_id, 4, put_trans_id)]),
+                         self.db.whats_changed())
+
+    def test_whats_changed_doesnt_include_old_gen(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        last_trans_id = self.getLastTransId(self.db)
+        self.assertEqual((3, last_trans_id, [(doc2.doc_id, 3, last_trans_id)]),
+                         self.db.whats_changed(2))
+
+
+class LocalDatabaseValidateGenNTransIdTests(tests.DatabaseBaseTests):
+
+    scenarios = tests.LOCAL_DATABASES_SCENARIOS
+
+    def test_validate_gen_and_trans_id(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        gen, trans_id = self.db._get_generation_info()
+        self.db.validate_gen_and_trans_id(gen, trans_id)
+
+    def test_validate_gen_and_trans_id_invalid_txid(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        gen, _ = self.db._get_generation_info()
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidTransactionId,
+            self.db.validate_gen_and_trans_id, gen, 'wrong')
+
+    def test_validate_gen_and_trans_id_invalid_gen(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        gen, trans_id = self.db._get_generation_info()
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidGeneration,
+            self.db.validate_gen_and_trans_id, gen + 1, trans_id)
+
+
+class LocalDatabaseValidateSourceGenTests(tests.DatabaseBaseTests):
+
+    scenarios = tests.LOCAL_DATABASES_SCENARIOS
+
+    def test_validate_source_gen_and_trans_id_same(self):
+        self.db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other', 1, 'T-sid')
+        self.db._validate_source('other', 1, 'T-sid')
+
+    def test_validate_source_gen_newer(self):
+        self.db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other', 1, 'T-sid')
+        self.db._validate_source('other', 2, 'T-whatevs')
+
+    def test_validate_source_wrong_txid(self):
+        self.db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other', 1, 'T-sid')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidTransactionId,
+            self.db._validate_source, 'other', 1, 'T-sad')
+
+
+class LocalDatabaseWithConflictsTests(tests.DatabaseBaseTests):
+    # test supporting/functionality around storing conflicts
+
+    scenarios = tests.LOCAL_DATABASES_SCENARIOS
+
+    def test_get_docs_conflicted(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertEqual([doc2], list(self.db.get_docs([doc1.doc_id])))
+
+    def test_get_docs_conflicts_ignored(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        alt_doc = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            alt_doc, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        no_conflict_doc = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1',
+                                             nested_doc)
+        self.assertEqual([no_conflict_doc, doc2],
+                         list(self.db.get_docs([doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id],
+                                               check_for_conflicts=False)))
+
+    def test_get_doc_conflicts(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        alt_doc = self.make_document(doc.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            alt_doc, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertEqual([alt_doc, doc],
+                         self.db.get_doc_conflicts(doc.doc_id))
+
+    def test_get_all_docs_sees_conflicts(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        alt_doc = self.make_document(doc.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            alt_doc, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        _, docs = self.db.get_all_docs()
+        self.assertTrue(list(docs)[0].has_conflicts)
+
+    def test_get_doc_conflicts_unconflicted(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db.get_doc_conflicts(doc.doc_id))
+
+    def test_get_doc_conflicts_no_such_id(self):
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db.get_doc_conflicts('doc-id'))
+
+    def test_resolve_doc(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        alt_doc = self.make_document(doc.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            alt_doc, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc.doc_id,
+                                   [('alternate:1', nested_doc),
+                                    (doc.rev, simple_doc)])
+        orig_rev = doc.rev
+        self.db.resolve_doc(doc, [alt_doc.rev, doc.rev])
+        self.assertNotEqual(orig_rev, doc.rev)
+        self.assertFalse(doc.has_conflicts)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc.doc_id, [])
+
+    def test_resolve_doc_picks_biggest_vcr(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id,
+                                   [(doc2.rev, nested_doc),
+                                    (doc1.rev, simple_doc)])
+        orig_doc1_rev = doc1.rev
+        self.db.resolve_doc(doc1, [doc2.rev, doc1.rev])
+        self.assertFalse(doc1.has_conflicts)
+        self.assertNotEqual(orig_doc1_rev, doc1.rev)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev, simple_doc, False)
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id, [])
+        vcr_1 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(orig_doc1_rev)
+        vcr_2 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc2.rev)
+        vcr_new = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc1.rev)
+        self.assertTrue(vcr_new.is_newer(vcr_1))
+        self.assertTrue(vcr_new.is_newer(vcr_2))
+
+    def test_resolve_doc_partial_not_winning(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id,
+                                   [(doc2.rev, nested_doc),
+                                    (doc1.rev, simple_doc)])
+        content3 = '{"key": "valin3"}'
+        doc3 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'third:1', content3)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc3, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=2,
+            replica_trans_id='bar')
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id,
+                                   [(doc3.rev, content3),
+                                    (doc1.rev, simple_doc),
+                                    (doc2.rev, nested_doc)])
+        self.db.resolve_doc(doc1, [doc2.rev, doc1.rev])
+        self.assertTrue(doc1.has_conflicts)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc1.doc_id, doc3.rev, content3, True)
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id,
+                                   [(doc3.rev, content3),
+                                    (doc1.rev, simple_doc)])
+
+    def test_resolve_doc_partial_winning(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        content3 = '{"key": "valin3"}'
+        doc3 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'third:1', content3)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc3, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=2,
+            replica_trans_id='bar')
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id,
+                                   [(doc3.rev, content3),
+                                    (doc1.rev, simple_doc),
+                                    (doc2.rev, nested_doc)])
+        self.db.resolve_doc(doc1, [doc3.rev, doc1.rev])
+        self.assertTrue(doc1.has_conflicts)
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id,
+                                   [(doc1.rev, simple_doc),
+                                    (doc2.rev, nested_doc)])
+
+    def test_resolve_doc_with_delete_conflict(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc1)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id,
+                                   [(doc2.rev, nested_doc),
+                                    (doc1.rev, None)])
+        self.db.resolve_doc(doc2, [doc1.rev, doc2.rev])
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id, [])
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc2.doc_id, doc2.rev, nested_doc, False)
+
+    def test_resolve_doc_with_delete_to_delete(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc1)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id,
+                                   [(doc2.rev, nested_doc),
+                                    (doc1.rev, None)])
+        self.db.resolve_doc(doc1, [doc1.rev, doc2.rev])
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id, [])
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db, doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev, None, False)
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_save_conflicted(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        # Document is inserted as a conflict
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertEqual('conflicted', state)
+        # The database was updated
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc1.doc_id, doc2.rev, nested_doc, True)
+
+    def test_force_doc_conflict_supersedes_properly(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', '{"b": 1}')
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        doc3 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'altalt:1', '{"c": 1}')
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc3, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=2,
+            replica_trans_id='bar')
+        doc22 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:2', '{"b": 2}')
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc22, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=3,
+            replica_trans_id='zed')
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id,
+                                   [('alternate:2', doc22.get_json()),
+                                    ('altalt:1', doc3.get_json()),
+                                    (doc1.rev, simple_doc)])
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_save_conflict_was_deleted(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc1)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertTrue(doc2.has_conflicts)
+        self.assertGetDoc(
+            self.db, doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc, True)
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id,
+                                   [('alternate:1', nested_doc),
+                                    (doc1.rev, None)])
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_propagates_full_resolution(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        resolved_vcr = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc1.rev)
+        vcr_2 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc2.rev)
+        resolved_vcr.maximize(vcr_2)
+        resolved_vcr.increment('alternate')
+        doc_resolved = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, resolved_vcr.as_str(),
+                                          '{"good": 1}')
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc_resolved, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=2,
+            replica_trans_id='foo2')
+        self.assertEqual('inserted', state)
+        self.assertFalse(doc_resolved.has_conflicts)
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id, [])
+        doc3 = self.db.get_doc(doc1.doc_id)
+        self.assertFalse(doc3.has_conflicts)
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_propagates_partial_resolution(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'altalt:1', '{}')
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        doc3 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc3, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=2,
+            replica_trans_id='foo2')
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id,
+                                   [('alternate:1', nested_doc),
+                                    ('test:1', simple_doc),
+                                    ('altalt:1', '{}')])
+        resolved_vcr = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc1.rev)
+        vcr_3 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc3.rev)
+        resolved_vcr.maximize(vcr_3)
+        resolved_vcr.increment('alternate')
+        doc_resolved = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, resolved_vcr.as_str(),
+                                          '{"good": 1}')
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc_resolved, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=3,
+            replica_trans_id='foo3')
+        self.assertEqual('inserted', state)
+        self.assertTrue(doc_resolved.has_conflicts)
+        doc4 = self.db.get_doc(doc1.doc_id)
+        self.assertTrue(doc4.has_conflicts)
+        self.assertGetDocConflicts(self.db, doc1.doc_id,
+                                   [('alternate:2|test:1', '{"good": 1}'),
+                                    ('altalt:1', '{}')])
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_replica_uid(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other', 1, 'T-id')
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev + '|other:1',
+                                  nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(doc2, save_conflict=True,
+                                  replica_uid='other', replica_gen=2,
+                                  replica_trans_id='T-id2')
+        # Conflict vs the current update
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev + '|third:3',
+                                  '{}')
+        self.assertEqual('conflicted',
+                         self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+                             doc2,
+                             save_conflict=True,
+                             replica_uid='other',
+                             replica_gen=3,
+                             replica_trans_id='T-id3')[0])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (3, 'T-id3'), self.db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other'))
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_autoresolve_2(self):
+        # this is an ordering variant of _3, but that already works
+        # adding the test explicitly to catch the regression easily
+        doc_a1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc_a2 = self.make_document(doc_a1.doc_id, 'test:2', "{}")
+        doc_a1b1 = self.make_document(doc_a1.doc_id, 'test:1|other:1',
+                                      '{"a":"42"}')
+        doc_a3 = self.make_document(doc_a1.doc_id, 'test:2|other:1', "{}")
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc_a2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertEqual(state, 'inserted')
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc_a1b1, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=2,
+            replica_trans_id='foo2')
+        self.assertEqual(state, 'conflicted')
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc_a3, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=3,
+            replica_trans_id='foo3')
+        self.assertEqual(state, 'inserted')
+        self.assertFalse(self.db.get_doc(doc_a1.doc_id).has_conflicts)
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_autoresolve_3(self):
+        doc_a1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc_a1b1 = self.make_document(doc_a1.doc_id, 'test:1|other:1', "{}")
+        doc_a2 = self.make_document(doc_a1.doc_id, 'test:2', '{"a":"42"}')
+        doc_a3 = self.make_document(doc_a1.doc_id, 'test:3', "{}")
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc_a1b1, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertEqual(state, 'inserted')
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc_a2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=2,
+            replica_trans_id='foo2')
+        self.assertEqual(state, 'conflicted')
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc_a3, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=3,
+            replica_trans_id='foo3')
+        self.assertEqual(state, 'superseded')
+        doc = self.db.get_doc(doc_a1.doc_id, True)
+        self.assertFalse(doc.has_conflicts)
+        rev = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc.rev)
+        rev_a3 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev('test:3')
+        rev_a1b1 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev('test:1|other:1')
+        self.assertTrue(rev.is_newer(rev_a3))
+        self.assertTrue('test:4' in doc.rev)  # locally increased
+        self.assertTrue(rev.is_newer(rev_a1b1))
+
+    def test_put_doc_if_newer_autoresolve_4(self):
+        doc_a1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc_a1b1 = self.make_document(doc_a1.doc_id, 'test:1|other:1', None)
+        doc_a2 = self.make_document(doc_a1.doc_id, 'test:2', '{"a":"42"}')
+        doc_a3 = self.make_document(doc_a1.doc_id, 'test:3', None)
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc_a1b1, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertEqual(state, 'inserted')
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc_a2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=2,
+            replica_trans_id='foo2')
+        self.assertEqual(state, 'conflicted')
+        state, _ = self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc_a3, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=3,
+            replica_trans_id='foo3')
+        self.assertEqual(state, 'superseded')
+        doc = self.db.get_doc(doc_a1.doc_id, True)
+        self.assertFalse(doc.has_conflicts)
+        rev = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc.rev)
+        rev_a3 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev('test:3')
+        rev_a1b1 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev('test:1|other:1')
+        self.assertTrue(rev.is_newer(rev_a3))
+        self.assertTrue('test:4' in doc.rev)  # locally increased
+        self.assertTrue(rev.is_newer(rev_a1b1))
+
+    def test_put_refuses_to_update_conflicted(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        content2 = '{"key": "altval"}'
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'altrev:1', content2)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc1.doc_id, doc2.rev, content2, True)
+        content3 = '{"key": "local"}'
+        doc2.set_json(content3)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.ConflictedDoc, self.db.put_doc, doc2)
+
+    def test_delete_refuses_for_conflicted(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'altrev:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc2.doc_id, doc2.rev, nested_doc, True)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.ConflictedDoc, self.db.delete_doc, doc2)
+
+
+class DatabaseIndexTests(tests.DatabaseBaseTests):
+
+    scenarios = tests.LOCAL_DATABASES_SCENARIOS
+
+    def assertParseError(self, definition):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.IndexDefinitionParseError, self.db.create_index, 'idx',
+            definition)
+
+    def assertIndexCreatable(self, definition):
+        name = "idx"
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.db.create_index(name, definition)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [(name, [definition])], self.db.list_indexes())
+
+    def test_create_index(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'name')
+        self.assertEqual([('test-idx', ['name'])],
+                         self.db.list_indexes())
+
+    def test_create_index_on_non_ascii_field_name(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(json.dumps({u'\xe5': 'value'}))
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', u'\xe5')
+        self.assertEqual([doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value'))
+
+    def test_list_indexes_with_non_ascii_field_names(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', u'\xe5')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [('test-idx', [u'\xe5'])], self.db.list_indexes())
+
+    def test_create_index_evaluates_it(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual([doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value'))
+
+    def test_wildcard_matches_unicode_value(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(json.dumps({"key": u"valu\xe5"}))
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual([doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', '*'))
+
+    def test_retrieve_unicode_value_from_index(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(json.dumps({"key": u"valu\xe5"}))
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', u"valu\xe5"))
+
+    def test_create_index_fails_if_name_taken(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertRaises(errors.IndexNameTakenError,
+                          self.db.create_index,
+                          'test-idx', 'stuff')
+
+    def test_create_index_does_not_fail_if_name_taken_with_same_index(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual([('test-idx', ['key'])], self.db.list_indexes())
+
+    def test_create_index_does_not_duplicate_indexed_fields(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.db.delete_index('test-idx')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value')))
+
+    def test_delete_index_does_not_remove_fields_from_other_indexes(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx2', 'key')
+        self.db.delete_index('test-idx')
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(self.db.get_from_index('test-idx2', 'value')))
+
+    def test_create_index_after_deleting_document(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc2)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual([doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value'))
+
+    def test_delete_index(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual([('test-idx', ['key'])], self.db.list_indexes())
+        self.db.delete_index('test-idx')
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db.list_indexes())
+
+    def test_create_adds_to_index(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertEqual([doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value'))
+
+    def test_get_from_index_unmatched(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'novalue'))
+
+    def test_create_index_multiple_exact_matches(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted([doc, doc2]),
+            sorted(self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value')))
+
+    def test_get_from_index(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual([doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value'))
+
+    def test_get_from_index_multi(self):
+        content = '{"key": "value", "key2": "value2"}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key', 'key2')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value', 'value2'))
+
+    def test_get_from_index_multi_list(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value", "key2": ["value2-1", "value2-2", "value2-3"]}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key', 'key2')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value', 'value2-1'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value', 'value2-2'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value', 'value2-3'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [('value', 'value2-1'), ('value', 'value2-2'),
+             ('value', 'value2-3')],
+            sorted(self.db.get_index_keys('test-idx')))
+
+    def test_get_from_index_sees_conflicts(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key', 'key2')
+        alt_doc = self.make_document(
+            doc.doc_id, 'alternate:1',
+            '{"key": "value", "key2": ["value2-1", "value2-2", "value2-3"]}')
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            alt_doc, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        docs = self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value', 'value2-1')
+        self.assertTrue(docs[0].has_conflicts)
+
+    def test_get_index_keys_multi_list_list(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value1-1 value1-2 value1-3", '
+            '"key2": ["value2-1", "value2-2", "value2-3"]}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'split_words(key)', 'key2')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [(u'value1-1', u'value2-1'), (u'value1-1', u'value2-2'),
+             (u'value1-1', u'value2-3'), (u'value1-2', u'value2-1'),
+             (u'value1-2', u'value2-2'), (u'value1-2', u'value2-3'),
+             (u'value1-3', u'value2-1'), (u'value1-3', u'value2-2'),
+             (u'value1-3', u'value2-3')],
+            sorted(self.db.get_index_keys('test-idx')))
+
+    def test_get_from_index_multi_ordered(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value3", "key2": "value4"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value2", "key2": "value3"}')
+        doc3 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value2", "key2": "value2"}')
+        doc4 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value1", "key2": "value1"}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key', 'key2')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc4, doc3, doc2, doc1],
+            self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'v*', '*'))
+
+    def test_get_range_from_index_start_end(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value3"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value2"}')
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value4"}')
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value1"}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc2, doc1],
+            self.db.get_range_from_index('test-idx', 'value2', 'value3'))
+
+    def test_get_range_from_index_start(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value3"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value2"}')
+        doc3 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value4"}')
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value1"}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc2, doc1, doc3],
+            self.db.get_range_from_index('test-idx', 'value2'))
+
+    def test_get_range_from_index_sees_conflicts(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        alt_doc = self.make_document(
+            doc.doc_id, 'alternate:1', '{"key": "valuedepalue"}')
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            alt_doc, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        docs = self.db.get_range_from_index('test-idx', 'a')
+        self.assertTrue(docs[0].has_conflicts)
+
+    def test_get_range_from_index_end(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value3"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value2"}')
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value4"}')
+        doc4 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value1"}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc4, doc2],
+            self.db.get_range_from_index('test-idx', None, 'value2'))
+
+    def test_get_wildcard_range_from_index_start(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value4"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value23"}')
+        doc3 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value2"}')
+        doc4 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value22"}')
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value1"}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc3, doc4, doc2, doc1],
+            self.db.get_range_from_index('test-idx', 'value2*'))
+
+    def test_get_wildcard_range_from_index_end(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value4"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value23"}')
+        doc3 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value2"}')
+        doc4 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value22"}')
+        doc5 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value1"}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc5, doc3, doc4, doc2],
+            self.db.get_range_from_index('test-idx', None, 'value2*'))
+
+    def test_get_wildcard_range_from_index_start_end(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "a"}')
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "boo3"}')
+        doc3 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "catalyst"}')
+        doc4 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "whaever"}')
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "zerg"}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc3, doc4],
+            self.db.get_range_from_index('test-idx', 'cat*', 'zap*'))
+
+    def test_get_range_from_index_multi_column_start_end(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value3", "key2": "value4"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value2", "key2": "value3"}')
+        doc3 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value2", "key2": "value2"}')
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value1", "key2": "value1"}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key', 'key2')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc3, doc2],
+            self.db.get_range_from_index(
+                'test-idx', ('value2', 'value2'), ('value2', 'value3')))
+
+    def test_get_range_from_index_multi_column_start(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value3", "key2": "value4"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value2", "key2": "value3"}')
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value2", "key2": "value2"}')
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value1", "key2": "value1"}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key', 'key2')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc2, doc1],
+            self.db.get_range_from_index('test-idx', ('value2', 'value3')))
+
+    def test_get_range_from_index_multi_column_end(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value3", "key2": "value4"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value2", "key2": "value3"}')
+        doc3 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value2", "key2": "value2"}')
+        doc4 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value1", "key2": "value1"}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key', 'key2')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc4, doc3, doc2],
+            self.db.get_range_from_index(
+                'test-idx', None, ('value2', 'value3')))
+
+    def test_get_wildcard_range_from_index_multi_column_start(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value3", "key2": "value4"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value2", "key2": "value23"}')
+        doc3 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value2", "key2": "value2"}')
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value1", "key2": "value1"}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key', 'key2')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc3, doc2, doc1],
+            self.db.get_range_from_index('test-idx', ('value2', 'value2*')))
+
+    def test_get_wildcard_range_from_index_multi_column_end(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value3", "key2": "value4"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value2", "key2": "value23"}')
+        doc3 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value2", "key2": "value2"}')
+        doc4 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value1", "key2": "value1"}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key', 'key2')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc4, doc3, doc2],
+            self.db.get_range_from_index(
+                'test-idx', None, ('value2', 'value2*')))
+
+    def test_get_glob_range_from_index_multi_column_start(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value3", "key2": "value4"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value2", "key2": "value23"}')
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value1", "key2": "value2"}')
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value1", "key2": "value1"}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key', 'key2')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc2, doc1],
+            self.db.get_range_from_index('test-idx', ('value2', '*')))
+
+    def test_get_glob_range_from_index_multi_column_end(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value3", "key2": "value4"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value2", "key2": "value23"}')
+        doc3 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value1", "key2": "value2"}')
+        doc4 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key": "value1", "key2": "value1"}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key', 'key2')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc4, doc3, doc2],
+            self.db.get_range_from_index('test-idx', None, ('value2', '*')))
+
+    def test_get_range_from_index_illegal_wildcard_order(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'k1', 'k2')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidGlobbing,
+            self.db.get_range_from_index, 'test-idx', ('*', 'v2'))
+
+    def test_get_range_from_index_illegal_glob_after_wildcard(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'k1', 'k2')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidGlobbing,
+            self.db.get_range_from_index, 'test-idx', ('*', 'v*'))
+
+    def test_get_range_from_index_illegal_wildcard_order_end(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'k1', 'k2')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidGlobbing,
+            self.db.get_range_from_index, 'test-idx', None, ('*', 'v2'))
+
+    def test_get_range_from_index_illegal_glob_after_wildcard_end(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'k1', 'k2')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidGlobbing,
+            self.db.get_range_from_index, 'test-idx', None, ('*', 'v*'))
+
+    def test_get_from_index_fails_if_no_index(self):
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.IndexDoesNotExist, self.db.get_from_index, 'foo')
+
+    def test_get_index_keys_fails_if_no_index(self):
+        self.assertRaises(errors.IndexDoesNotExist,
+                          self.db.get_index_keys,
+                          'foo')
+
+    def test_get_index_keys_works_if_no_docs(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db.get_index_keys('test-idx'))
+
+    def test_put_updates_index(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        new_content = '{"key": "altval"}'
+        doc.set_json(new_content)
+        self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value'))
+        self.assertEqual([doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'altval'))
+
+    def test_delete_updates_index(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted([doc, doc2]),
+            sorted(self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value')))
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertEqual([doc2], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value'))
+
+    def test_get_from_index_illegal_number_of_entries(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'k1', 'k2')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidValueForIndex, self.db.get_from_index, 'test-idx')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidValueForIndex,
+            self.db.get_from_index, 'test-idx', 'v1')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidValueForIndex,
+            self.db.get_from_index, 'test-idx', 'v1', 'v2', 'v3')
+
+    def test_get_from_index_illegal_wildcard_order(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'k1', 'k2')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidGlobbing,
+            self.db.get_from_index, 'test-idx', '*', 'v2')
+
+    def test_get_from_index_illegal_glob_after_wildcard(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'k1', 'k2')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidGlobbing,
+            self.db.get_from_index, 'test-idx', '*', 'v*')
+
+    def test_get_all_from_index(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        # This one should not be in the index
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"no": "key"}')
+        diff_value_doc = '{"key": "diff value"}'
+        doc4 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(diff_value_doc)
+        # This is essentially a 'prefix' match, but we match every entry.
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted([doc1, doc2, doc4]),
+            sorted(self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', '*')))
+
+    def test_get_all_from_index_ordered(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value x"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value b"}')
+        doc3 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value a"}')
+        doc4 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": "value m"}')
+        # This is essentially a 'prefix' match, but we match every entry.
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc3, doc2, doc4, doc1], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', '*'))
+
+    def test_put_updates_when_adding_key(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json("{}")
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', '*'))
+        doc.set_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertEqual([doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', '*'))
+
+    def test_get_from_index_empty_string(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        content2 = '{"key": ""}'
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content2)
+        self.assertEqual([doc2], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', ''))
+        # Empty string matches the wildcard.
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted([doc1, doc2]),
+            sorted(self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', '*')))
+
+    def test_get_from_index_not_null(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": null}')
+        self.assertEqual([doc1], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', '*'))
+
+    def test_get_partial_from_index(self):
+        content1 = '{"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2"}'
+        content2 = '{"k1": "v1", "k2": "x2"}'
+        content3 = '{"k1": "v1", "k2": "y2"}'
+        # doc4 has a different k1 value, so it doesn't match the prefix.
+        content4 = '{"k1": "NN", "k2": "v2"}'
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content1)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content2)
+        doc3 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content3)
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(content4)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'k1', 'k2')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted([doc1, doc2, doc3]),
+            sorted(self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', "v1", "*")))
+
+    def test_get_glob_match(self):
+        # Note: the exact glob syntax is probably subject to change
+        content1 = '{"k1": "v1", "k2": "v1"}'
+        content2 = '{"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2"}'
+        content3 = '{"k1": "v1", "k2": "v3"}'
+        # doc4 has a different k2 prefix value, so it doesn't match
+        content4 = '{"k1": "v1", "k2": "ZZ"}'
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'k1', 'k2')
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content1)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content2)
+        doc3 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content3)
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(content4)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted([doc1, doc2, doc3]),
+            sorted(self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', "v1", "v*")))
+
+    def test_nested_index(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'sub.doc')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'underneath'))
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted([doc, doc2]),
+            sorted(self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'underneath')))
+
+    def test_nested_nonexistent(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        # sub exists, but sub.foo does not:
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'sub.foo')
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', '*'))
+
+    def test_nested_nonexistent2(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'sub.foo.bar.baz.qux.fnord')
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', '*'))
+
+    def test_nested_traverses_lists(self):
+        # subpath finds dicts in list
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"foo": [{"zap": "bar"}, {"zap": "baz"}]}')
+        # subpath only finds dicts in list
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"foo": ["zap", "baz"]}')
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'foo.zap')
+        self.assertEqual([doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'bar'))
+        self.assertEqual([doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'baz'))
+
+    def test_nested_list_traversal(self):
+        # subpath finds dicts in list
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"foo": [{"zap": [{"qux": "fnord"}, {"qux": "zombo"}]},'
+            '{"zap": "baz"}]}')
+        # subpath only finds dicts in list
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'foo.zap.qux')
+        self.assertEqual([doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'fnord'))
+        self.assertEqual([doc], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'zombo'))
+
+    def test_index_list1(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "name")
+        content = '{"name": ["foo", "bar"]}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "bar")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_index_list2(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "name")
+        content = '{"name": ["foo", "bar"]}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "foo")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_get_from_index_case_sensitive(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'V*'))
+        self.assertEqual([doc1], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'v*'))
+
+    def test_get_from_index_illegal_glob_before_value(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'k1', 'k2')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidGlobbing,
+            self.db.get_from_index, 'test-idx', 'v*', 'v2')
+
+    def test_get_from_index_illegal_glob_after_glob(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'k1', 'k2')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidGlobbing,
+            self.db.get_from_index, 'test-idx', 'v*', 'v*')
+
+    def test_get_from_index_with_sql_wildcards(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        content1 = '{"key": "va%lue"}'
+        content2 = '{"key": "value"}'
+        content3 = '{"key": "va_lue"}'
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content1)
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(content2)
+        doc3 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content3)
+        # The '%' in the search should be treated literally, not as a sql
+        # globbing character.
+        self.assertEqual([doc1], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'va%*'))
+        # Same for '_'
+        self.assertEqual([doc3], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'va_*'))
+
+    def test_get_from_index_with_lower(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "lower(name)")
+        content = '{"name": "Foo"}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "foo")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_get_from_index_with_lower_matches_same_case(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "lower(name)")
+        content = '{"name": "foo"}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "foo")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_index_lower_doesnt_match_different_case(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "lower(name)")
+        content = '{"name": "Foo"}'
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "Foo")
+        self.assertEqual([], rows)
+
+    def test_index_lower_doesnt_match_other_index(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "lower(name)")
+        self.db.create_index("other_index", "name")
+        content = '{"name": "Foo"}'
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "Foo")
+        self.assertEqual(0, len(rows))
+
+    def test_index_split_words_match_first(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "split_words(name)")
+        content = '{"name": "foo bar"}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "foo")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_index_split_words_match_second(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "split_words(name)")
+        content = '{"name": "foo bar"}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "bar")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_index_split_words_match_both(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "split_words(name)")
+        content = '{"name": "foo foo"}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "foo")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_index_split_words_double_space(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "split_words(name)")
+        content = '{"name": "foo  bar"}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "bar")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_index_split_words_leading_space(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "split_words(name)")
+        content = '{"name": " foo bar"}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "foo")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_index_split_words_trailing_space(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "split_words(name)")
+        content = '{"name": "foo bar "}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "bar")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_get_from_index_with_number(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "number(foo, 5)")
+        content = '{"foo": 12}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "00012")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_get_from_index_with_number_bigger_than_padding(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "number(foo, 5)")
+        content = '{"foo": 123456}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "123456")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_number_mapping_ignores_non_numbers(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "number(foo, 5)")
+        content = '{"foo": 56}'
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        content = '{"foo": "this is not a maigret painting"}'
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "*")
+        self.assertEqual([doc1], rows)
+
+    def test_get_from_index_with_bool(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "bool(foo)")
+        content = '{"foo": true}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "1")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_get_from_index_with_bool_false(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "bool(foo)")
+        content = '{"foo": false}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "0")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_get_from_index_with_non_bool(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "bool(foo)")
+        content = '{"foo": 42}'
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "*")
+        self.assertEqual([], rows)
+
+    def test_get_from_index_with_combine(self):
+        self.db.create_index("index", "combine(foo, bar)")
+        content = '{"foo": "value1", "bar": "value2"}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "value1")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "value2")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+
+    def test_get_complex_combine(self):
+        self.db.create_index(
+            "index", "combine(number(foo, 5), lower(bar), split_words(baz))")
+        content = '{"foo": 12, "bar": "ALLCAPS", "baz": "qux nox"}'
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        content = '{"foo": "not a number", "bar": "something"}'
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "00012")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "allcaps")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "nox")
+        self.assertEqual([doc], rows)
+        rows = self.db.get_from_index("index", "something")
+        self.assertEqual([doc2], rows)
+
+    def test_get_index_keys_from_index(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        content1 = '{"key": "value1"}'
+        content2 = '{"key": "value2"}'
+        content3 = '{"key": "value2"}'
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(content1)
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(content2)
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(content3)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [('value1',), ('value2',)],
+            sorted(self.db.get_index_keys('test-idx')))
+
+    def test_get_index_keys_from_multicolumn_index(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key1', 'key2')
+        content1 = '{"key1": "value1", "key2": "val2-1"}'
+        content2 = '{"key1": "value2", "key2": "val2-2"}'
+        content3 = '{"key1": "value2", "key2": "val2-2"}'
+        content4 = '{"key1": "value2", "key2": "val3"}'
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(content1)
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(content2)
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(content3)
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(content4)
+        self.assertEqual([
+            ('value1', 'val2-1'),
+            ('value2', 'val2-2'),
+            ('value2', 'val3')],
+            sorted(self.db.get_index_keys('test-idx')))
+
+    def test_empty_expr(self):
+        self.assertParseError('')
+
+    def test_nested_unknown_operation(self):
+        self.assertParseError('unknown_operation(field1)')
+
+    def test_parse_missing_close_paren(self):
+        self.assertParseError("lower(a")
+
+    def test_parse_trailing_close_paren(self):
+        self.assertParseError("lower(ab))")
+
+    def test_parse_trailing_chars(self):
+        self.assertParseError("lower(ab)adsf")
+
+    def test_parse_empty_op(self):
+        self.assertParseError("(ab)")
+
+    def test_parse_top_level_commas(self):
+        self.assertParseError("a, b")
+
+    def test_invalid_field_name(self):
+        self.assertParseError("a.")
+
+    def test_invalid_inner_field_name(self):
+        self.assertParseError("lower(a.)")
+
+    def test_gobbledigook(self):
+        self.assertParseError("(@#@cc   @#!*DFJSXV(()jccd")
+
+    def test_leading_space(self):
+        self.assertIndexCreatable("  lower(a)")
+
+    def test_trailing_space(self):
+        self.assertIndexCreatable("lower(a)  ")
+
+    def test_spaces_before_open_paren(self):
+        self.assertIndexCreatable("lower  (a)")
+
+    def test_spaces_after_open_paren(self):
+        self.assertIndexCreatable("lower(  a)")
+
+    def test_spaces_before_close_paren(self):
+        self.assertIndexCreatable("lower(a  )")
+
+    def test_spaces_before_comma(self):
+        self.assertIndexCreatable("combine(a  , b  , c)")
+
+    def test_spaces_after_comma(self):
+        self.assertIndexCreatable("combine(a,  b,  c)")
+
+    def test_all_together_now(self):
+        self.assertParseError('    (a) ')
+
+    def test_all_together_now2(self):
+        self.assertParseError('combine(lower(x)x,foo)')
+
+
+class PythonBackendTests(tests.DatabaseBaseTests):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(PythonBackendTests, self).setUp()
+        self.simple_doc = json.loads(simple_doc)
+
+    def test_create_doc_with_factory(self):
+        self.db.set_document_factory(TestAlternativeDocument)
+        doc = self.db.create_doc(self.simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(doc, TestAlternativeDocument))
+
+    def test_get_doc_after_put_with_factory(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc(self.simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        self.db.set_document_factory(TestAlternativeDocument)
+        result = self.db.get_doc('my_doc_id')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(result, TestAlternativeDocument))
+        self.assertEqual(doc.doc_id, result.doc_id)
+        self.assertEqual(doc.rev, result.rev)
+        self.assertEqual(doc.get_json(), result.get_json())
+        self.assertEqual(False, result.has_conflicts)
+
+    def test_get_doc_nonexisting_with_factory(self):
+        self.db.set_document_factory(TestAlternativeDocument)
+        self.assertIs(None, self.db.get_doc('non-existing'))
+
+    def test_get_all_docs_with_factory(self):
+        self.db.set_document_factory(TestAlternativeDocument)
+        self.db.create_doc(self.simple_doc)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(
+            list(self.db.get_all_docs()[1])[0], TestAlternativeDocument))
+
+    def test_get_docs_conflicted_with_factory(self):
+        self.db.set_document_factory(TestAlternativeDocument)
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc(self.simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'alternate:1', nested_doc)
+        self.db._put_doc_if_newer(
+            doc2, save_conflict=True, replica_uid='r', replica_gen=1,
+            replica_trans_id='foo')
+        self.assertTrue(
+            isinstance(
+                list(self.db.get_docs([doc1.doc_id]))[0],
+                TestAlternativeDocument))
+
+    def test_get_from_index_with_factory(self):
+        self.db.set_document_factory(TestAlternativeDocument)
+        self.db.create_doc(self.simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertTrue(
+            isinstance(
+                self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value')[0],
+                TestAlternativeDocument))
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_updates_indexes(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc(self.simple_doc)
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        new_content = '{"key": "altval"}'
+        other_rev = 'test:1|z:2'
+        st = self.db.get_sync_target()
+
+        def ignore(doc_id, doc_rev, doc):
+            pass
+
+        doc_other = self.make_document(doc.doc_id, other_rev, new_content)
+        docs_by_gen = [(doc_other, 10, 'T-sid')]
+        st.sync_exchange(
+            docs_by_gen, 'other-replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=ignore)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, other_rev, new_content, False)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc_other], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'altval'))
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value'))
+
+
+# Use a custom loader to apply the scenarios at load time.
+load_tests = tests.load_with_scenarios
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_document.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_document.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e706e1a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_document.py
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# Copyright 2011 Canonical Ltd.
+#
+# This file is part of u1db.
+#
+# u1db is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# u1db is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with u1db.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+from u1db import errors
+
+from leap.soledad.tests import u1db_tests as tests
+
+
+class TestDocument(tests.TestCase):
+
+    scenarios = ([(
+        'py', {'make_document_for_test': tests.make_document_for_test})])  # +
+        #tests.C_DATABASE_SCENARIOS)
+
+    def test_create_doc(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('doc-id', 'uid:1', tests.simple_doc)
+        self.assertEqual('doc-id', doc.doc_id)
+        self.assertEqual('uid:1', doc.rev)
+        self.assertEqual(tests.simple_doc, doc.get_json())
+        self.assertFalse(doc.has_conflicts)
+
+    def test__repr__(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('doc-id', 'uid:1', tests.simple_doc)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            '%s(doc-id, uid:1, \'{"key": "value"}\')'
+            % (doc.__class__.__name__,),
+            repr(doc))
+
+    def test__repr__conflicted(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('doc-id', 'uid:1', tests.simple_doc,
+                                 has_conflicts=True)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            '%s(doc-id, uid:1, conflicted, \'{"key": "value"}\')'
+            % (doc.__class__.__name__,),
+            repr(doc))
+
+    def test__lt__(self):
+        doc_a = self.make_document('a', 'b', '{}')
+        doc_b = self.make_document('b', 'b', '{}')
+        self.assertTrue(doc_a < doc_b)
+        self.assertTrue(doc_b > doc_a)
+        doc_aa = self.make_document('a', 'a', '{}')
+        self.assertTrue(doc_aa < doc_a)
+
+    def test__eq__(self):
+        doc_a = self.make_document('a', 'b', '{}')
+        doc_b = self.make_document('a', 'b', '{}')
+        self.assertTrue(doc_a == doc_b)
+        doc_b = self.make_document('a', 'b', '{}', has_conflicts=True)
+        self.assertFalse(doc_a == doc_b)
+
+    def test_non_json_dict(self):
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidJSON, self.make_document, 'id', 'uid:1',
+            '"not a json dictionary"')
+
+    def test_non_json(self):
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidJSON, self.make_document, 'id', 'uid:1',
+            'not a json dictionary')
+
+    def test_get_size(self):
+        doc_a = self.make_document('a', 'b', '{"some": "content"}')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len('a' + 'b' + '{"some": "content"}'), doc_a.get_size())
+
+    def test_get_size_empty_document(self):
+        doc_a = self.make_document('a', 'b', None)
+        self.assertEqual(len('a' + 'b'), doc_a.get_size())
+
+
+class TestPyDocument(tests.TestCase):
+
+    scenarios = ([(
+        'py', {'make_document_for_test': tests.make_document_for_test})])
+
+    def test_get_content(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('id', 'rev', '{"content":""}')
+        self.assertEqual({"content": ""}, doc.content)
+        doc.set_json('{"content": "new"}')
+        self.assertEqual({"content": "new"}, doc.content)
+
+    def test_set_content(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('id', 'rev', '{"content":""}')
+        doc.content = {"content": "new"}
+        self.assertEqual('{"content": "new"}', doc.get_json())
+
+    def test_set_bad_content(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('id', 'rev', '{"content":""}')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidContent, setattr, doc, 'content',
+            '{"content": "new"}')
+
+    def test_is_tombstone(self):
+        doc_a = self.make_document('a', 'b', '{}')
+        self.assertFalse(doc_a.is_tombstone())
+        doc_a.set_json(None)
+        self.assertTrue(doc_a.is_tombstone())
+
+    def test_make_tombstone(self):
+        doc_a = self.make_document('a', 'b', '{}')
+        self.assertFalse(doc_a.is_tombstone())
+        doc_a.make_tombstone()
+        self.assertTrue(doc_a.is_tombstone())
+
+    def test_same_content_as(self):
+        doc_a = self.make_document('a', 'b', '{}')
+        doc_b = self.make_document('d', 'e', '{}')
+        self.assertTrue(doc_a.same_content_as(doc_b))
+        doc_b = self.make_document('p', 'q', '{}', has_conflicts=True)
+        self.assertTrue(doc_a.same_content_as(doc_b))
+        doc_b.content['key'] = 'value'
+        self.assertFalse(doc_a.same_content_as(doc_b))
+
+    def test_same_content_as_json_order(self):
+        doc_a = self.make_document(
+            'a', 'b', '{"key1": "val1", "key2": "val2"}')
+        doc_b = self.make_document(
+            'c', 'd', '{"key2": "val2", "key1": "val1"}')
+        self.assertTrue(doc_a.same_content_as(doc_b))
+
+    def test_set_json(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('id', 'rev', '{"content":""}')
+        doc.set_json('{"content": "new"}')
+        self.assertEqual('{"content": "new"}', doc.get_json())
+
+    def test_set_json_non_dict(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('id', 'rev', '{"content":""}')
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidJSON, doc.set_json, '"is not a dict"')
+
+    def test_set_json_error(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('id', 'rev', '{"content":""}')
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidJSON, doc.set_json, 'is not json')
+
+
+load_tests = tests.load_with_scenarios
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_http_app.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_http_app.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0729aa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_http_app.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1135 @@
+# Copyright 2011-2012 Canonical Ltd.
+#
+# This file is part of u1db.
+#
+# u1db is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# u1db is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with u1db.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""Test the WSGI app."""
+
+import paste.fixture
+import sys
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+except ImportError:
+    import json  # noqa
+import StringIO
+
+from u1db import (
+    __version__ as _u1db_version,
+    errors,
+    sync,
+)
+
+from leap.soledad.tests import u1db_tests as tests
+
+from u1db.remote import (
+    http_app,
+    http_errors,
+)
+
+
+class TestFencedReader(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def test_init(self):
+        reader = http_app._FencedReader(StringIO.StringIO(""), 25, 100)
+        self.assertEqual(25, reader.remaining)
+
+    def test_read_chunk(self):
+        inp = StringIO.StringIO("abcdef")
+        reader = http_app._FencedReader(inp, 5, 10)
+        data = reader.read_chunk(2)
+        self.assertEqual("ab", data)
+        self.assertEqual(2, inp.tell())
+        self.assertEqual(3, reader.remaining)
+
+    def test_read_chunk_remaining(self):
+        inp = StringIO.StringIO("abcdef")
+        reader = http_app._FencedReader(inp, 4, 10)
+        data = reader.read_chunk(9999)
+        self.assertEqual("abcd", data)
+        self.assertEqual(4, inp.tell())
+        self.assertEqual(0, reader.remaining)
+
+    def test_read_chunk_nothing_left(self):
+        inp = StringIO.StringIO("abc")
+        reader = http_app._FencedReader(inp, 2, 10)
+        reader.read_chunk(2)
+        self.assertEqual(2, inp.tell())
+        self.assertEqual(0, reader.remaining)
+        data = reader.read_chunk(2)
+        self.assertEqual("", data)
+        self.assertEqual(2, inp.tell())
+        self.assertEqual(0, reader.remaining)
+
+    def test_read_chunk_kept(self):
+        inp = StringIO.StringIO("abcde")
+        reader = http_app._FencedReader(inp, 4, 10)
+        reader._kept = "xyz"
+        data = reader.read_chunk(2)  # atmost ignored
+        self.assertEqual("xyz", data)
+        self.assertEqual(0, inp.tell())
+        self.assertEqual(4, reader.remaining)
+        self.assertIsNone(reader._kept)
+
+    def test_getline(self):
+        inp = StringIO.StringIO("abc\r\nde")
+        reader = http_app._FencedReader(inp, 6, 10)
+        reader.MAXCHUNK = 6
+        line = reader.getline()
+        self.assertEqual("abc\r\n", line)
+        self.assertEqual("d", reader._kept)
+
+    def test_getline_exact(self):
+        inp = StringIO.StringIO("abcd\r\nef")
+        reader = http_app._FencedReader(inp, 6, 10)
+        reader.MAXCHUNK = 6
+        line = reader.getline()
+        self.assertEqual("abcd\r\n", line)
+        self.assertIs(None, reader._kept)
+
+    def test_getline_no_newline(self):
+        inp = StringIO.StringIO("abcd")
+        reader = http_app._FencedReader(inp, 4, 10)
+        reader.MAXCHUNK = 6
+        line = reader.getline()
+        self.assertEqual("abcd", line)
+
+    def test_getline_many_chunks(self):
+        inp = StringIO.StringIO("abcde\r\nf")
+        reader = http_app._FencedReader(inp, 8, 10)
+        reader.MAXCHUNK = 4
+        line = reader.getline()
+        self.assertEqual("abcde\r\n", line)
+        self.assertEqual("f", reader._kept)
+        line = reader.getline()
+        self.assertEqual("f", line)
+
+    def test_getline_empty(self):
+        inp = StringIO.StringIO("")
+        reader = http_app._FencedReader(inp, 0, 10)
+        reader.MAXCHUNK = 4
+        line = reader.getline()
+        self.assertEqual("", line)
+        line = reader.getline()
+        self.assertEqual("", line)
+
+    def test_getline_just_newline(self):
+        inp = StringIO.StringIO("\r\n")
+        reader = http_app._FencedReader(inp, 2, 10)
+        reader.MAXCHUNK = 4
+        line = reader.getline()
+        self.assertEqual("\r\n", line)
+        line = reader.getline()
+        self.assertEqual("", line)
+
+    def test_getline_too_large(self):
+        inp = StringIO.StringIO("x" * 50)
+        reader = http_app._FencedReader(inp, 50, 25)
+        reader.MAXCHUNK = 4
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, reader.getline)
+
+    def test_getline_too_large_complete(self):
+        inp = StringIO.StringIO("x" * 25 + "\r\n")
+        reader = http_app._FencedReader(inp, 50, 25)
+        reader.MAXCHUNK = 4
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, reader.getline)
+
+
+class TestHTTPMethodDecorator(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def test_args(self):
+        @http_app.http_method()
+        def f(self, a, b):
+            return self, a, b
+        res = f("self", {"a": "x", "b": "y"}, None)
+        self.assertEqual(("self", "x", "y"), res)
+
+    def test_args_missing(self):
+        @http_app.http_method()
+        def f(self, a, b):
+            return a, b
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, f, "self", {"a": "x"}, None)
+
+    def test_args_unexpected(self):
+        @http_app.http_method()
+        def f(self, a):
+            return a
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, f, "self",
+                                                  {"a": "x", "c": "z"}, None)
+
+    def test_args_default(self):
+        @http_app.http_method()
+        def f(self, a, b="z"):
+            return a, b
+        res = f("self", {"a": "x"}, None)
+        self.assertEqual(("x", "z"), res)
+
+    def test_args_conversion(self):
+        @http_app.http_method(b=int)
+        def f(self, a, b):
+            return self, a, b
+        res = f("self", {"a": "x", "b": "2"}, None)
+        self.assertEqual(("self", "x", 2), res)
+
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, f, "self",
+                                                  {"a": "x", "b": "foo"}, None)
+
+    def test_args_conversion_with_default(self):
+        @http_app.http_method(b=str)
+        def f(self, a, b=None):
+            return self, a, b
+        res = f("self", {"a": "x"}, None)
+        self.assertEqual(("self", "x", None), res)
+
+    def test_args_content(self):
+        @http_app.http_method()
+        def f(self, a, content):
+            return a, content
+        res = f(self, {"a": "x"}, "CONTENT")
+        self.assertEqual(("x", "CONTENT"), res)
+
+    def test_args_content_as_args(self):
+        @http_app.http_method(b=int, content_as_args=True)
+        def f(self, a, b):
+            return self, a, b
+        res = f("self", {"a": "x"}, '{"b": "2"}')
+        self.assertEqual(("self", "x", 2), res)
+
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, f, "self", {}, 'not-json')
+
+    def test_args_content_no_query(self):
+        @http_app.http_method(no_query=True,
+                              content_as_args=True)
+        def f(self, a='a', b='b'):
+            return a, b
+        res = f("self", {}, '{"b": "y"}')
+        self.assertEqual(('a', 'y'), res)
+
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, f, "self", {'a': 'x'},
+                          '{"b": "y"}')
+
+
+class TestResource(object):
+
+    @http_app.http_method()
+    def get(self, a, b):
+        self.args = dict(a=a, b=b)
+        return 'Get'
+
+    @http_app.http_method()
+    def put(self, a, content):
+        self.args = dict(a=a)
+        self.content = content
+        return 'Put'
+
+    @http_app.http_method(content_as_args=True)
+    def put_args(self, a, b):
+        self.args = dict(a=a, b=b)
+        self.order = ['a']
+        self.entries = []
+
+    @http_app.http_method()
+    def put_stream_entry(self, content):
+        self.entries.append(content)
+        self.order.append('s')
+
+    def put_end(self):
+        self.order.append('e')
+        return "Put/end"
+
+
+class parameters:
+    max_request_size = 200000
+    max_entry_size = 100000
+
+
+class TestHTTPInvocationByMethodWithBody(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def test_get(self):
+        resource = TestResource()
+        environ = {'QUERY_STRING': 'a=1&b=2', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET'}
+        invoke = http_app.HTTPInvocationByMethodWithBody(resource, environ,
+                                                         parameters)
+        res = invoke()
+        self.assertEqual('Get', res)
+        self.assertEqual({'a': '1', 'b': '2'}, resource.args)
+
+    def test_put_json(self):
+        resource = TestResource()
+        body = '{"body": true}'
+        environ = {'QUERY_STRING': 'a=1', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'PUT',
+                   'wsgi.input': StringIO.StringIO(body),
+                   'CONTENT_LENGTH': str(len(body)),
+                   'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/json'}
+        invoke = http_app.HTTPInvocationByMethodWithBody(resource, environ,
+                                                         parameters)
+        res = invoke()
+        self.assertEqual('Put', res)
+        self.assertEqual({'a': '1'}, resource.args)
+        self.assertEqual('{"body": true}', resource.content)
+
+    def test_put_sync_stream(self):
+        resource = TestResource()
+        body = (
+            '[\r\n'
+            '{"b": 2},\r\n'        # args
+            '{"entry": "x"},\r\n'  # stream entry
+            '{"entry": "y"}\r\n'   # stream entry
+            ']'
+        )
+        environ = {'QUERY_STRING': 'a=1', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'PUT',
+                   'wsgi.input': StringIO.StringIO(body),
+                   'CONTENT_LENGTH': str(len(body)),
+                   'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-u1db-sync-stream'}
+        invoke = http_app.HTTPInvocationByMethodWithBody(resource, environ,
+                                                         parameters)
+        res = invoke()
+        self.assertEqual('Put/end', res)
+        self.assertEqual({'a': '1', 'b': 2}, resource.args)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ['{"entry": "x"}', '{"entry": "y"}'], resource.entries)
+        self.assertEqual(['a', 's', 's', 'e'], resource.order)
+
+    def _put_sync_stream(self, body):
+        resource = TestResource()
+        environ = {'QUERY_STRING': 'a=1&b=2', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'PUT',
+                   'wsgi.input': StringIO.StringIO(body),
+                   'CONTENT_LENGTH': str(len(body)),
+                   'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-u1db-sync-stream'}
+        invoke = http_app.HTTPInvocationByMethodWithBody(resource, environ,
+                                                         parameters)
+        invoke()
+
+    def test_put_sync_stream_wrong_start(self):
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest,
+                          self._put_sync_stream, "{}\r\n]")
+
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest,
+                          self._put_sync_stream, "\r\n{}\r\n]")
+
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest,
+                          self._put_sync_stream, "")
+
+    def test_put_sync_stream_wrong_end(self):
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest,
+                          self._put_sync_stream, "[\r\n{}")
+
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest,
+                          self._put_sync_stream, "[\r\n")
+
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest,
+                          self._put_sync_stream, "[\r\n{}\r\n]\r\n...")
+
+    def test_put_sync_stream_missing_comma(self):
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest,
+                          self._put_sync_stream, "[\r\n{}\r\n{}\r\n]")
+
+    def test_put_sync_stream_extra_comma(self):
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest,
+                          self._put_sync_stream, "[\r\n{},\r\n]")
+
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest,
+                          self._put_sync_stream, "[\r\n{},\r\n{},\r\n]")
+
+    def test_bad_request_decode_failure(self):
+        resource = TestResource()
+        environ = {'QUERY_STRING': 'a=\xff', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'PUT',
+                   'wsgi.input': StringIO.StringIO('{}'),
+                   'CONTENT_LENGTH': '2',
+                   'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/json'}
+        invoke = http_app.HTTPInvocationByMethodWithBody(resource, environ,
+                                                         parameters)
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, invoke)
+
+    def test_bad_request_unsupported_content_type(self):
+        resource = TestResource()
+        environ = {'QUERY_STRING': '', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'PUT',
+                   'wsgi.input': StringIO.StringIO('{}'),
+                   'CONTENT_LENGTH': '2',
+                   'CONTENT_TYPE': 'text/plain'}
+        invoke = http_app.HTTPInvocationByMethodWithBody(resource, environ,
+                                                         parameters)
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, invoke)
+
+    def test_bad_request_content_length_too_large(self):
+        resource = TestResource()
+        environ = {'QUERY_STRING': '', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'PUT',
+                   'wsgi.input': StringIO.StringIO('{}'),
+                   'CONTENT_LENGTH': '10000',
+                   'CONTENT_TYPE': 'text/plain'}
+
+        resource.max_request_size = 5000
+        resource.max_entry_size = sys.maxint  # we don't get to use this
+
+        invoke = http_app.HTTPInvocationByMethodWithBody(resource, environ,
+                                                         parameters)
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, invoke)
+
+    def test_bad_request_no_content_length(self):
+        resource = TestResource()
+        environ = {'QUERY_STRING': '', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'PUT',
+                   'wsgi.input': StringIO.StringIO('a'),
+                   'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/json'}
+        invoke = http_app.HTTPInvocationByMethodWithBody(resource, environ,
+                                                         parameters)
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, invoke)
+
+    def test_bad_request_invalid_content_length(self):
+        resource = TestResource()
+        environ = {'QUERY_STRING': '', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'PUT',
+                   'wsgi.input': StringIO.StringIO('abc'),
+                   'CONTENT_LENGTH': '1unk',
+                   'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/json'}
+        invoke = http_app.HTTPInvocationByMethodWithBody(resource, environ,
+                                                         parameters)
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, invoke)
+
+    def test_bad_request_empty_body(self):
+        resource = TestResource()
+        environ = {'QUERY_STRING': '', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'PUT',
+                   'wsgi.input': StringIO.StringIO(''),
+                   'CONTENT_LENGTH': '0',
+                   'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/json'}
+        invoke = http_app.HTTPInvocationByMethodWithBody(resource, environ,
+                                                         parameters)
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, invoke)
+
+    def test_bad_request_unsupported_method_get_like(self):
+        resource = TestResource()
+        environ = {'QUERY_STRING': '', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'DELETE'}
+        invoke = http_app.HTTPInvocationByMethodWithBody(resource, environ,
+                                                         parameters)
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, invoke)
+
+    def test_bad_request_unsupported_method_put_like(self):
+        resource = TestResource()
+        environ = {'QUERY_STRING': '', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'PUT',
+                   'wsgi.input': StringIO.StringIO('{}'),
+                   'CONTENT_LENGTH': '2',
+                   'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/json'}
+        invoke = http_app.HTTPInvocationByMethodWithBody(resource, environ,
+                                                         parameters)
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, invoke)
+
+    def test_bad_request_unsupported_method_put_like_multi_json(self):
+        resource = TestResource()
+        body = '{}\r\n{}\r\n'
+        environ = {'QUERY_STRING': '', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
+                   'wsgi.input': StringIO.StringIO(body),
+                   'CONTENT_LENGTH': str(len(body)),
+                   'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-u1db-multi-json'}
+        invoke = http_app.HTTPInvocationByMethodWithBody(resource, environ,
+                                                         parameters)
+        self.assertRaises(http_app.BadRequest, invoke)
+
+
+class TestHTTPResponder(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def start_response(self, status, headers):
+        self.status = status
+        self.headers = dict(headers)
+        self.response_body = []
+
+        def write(data):
+            self.response_body.append(data)
+
+        return write
+
+    def test_send_response_content_w_headers(self):
+        responder = http_app.HTTPResponder(self.start_response)
+        responder.send_response_content('foo', headers={'x-a': '1'})
+        self.assertEqual('200 OK', self.status)
+        self.assertEqual({'content-type': 'application/json',
+                          'cache-control': 'no-cache',
+                          'x-a': '1', 'content-length': '3'}, self.headers)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.response_body)
+        self.assertEqual(['foo'], responder.content)
+
+    def test_send_response_json(self):
+        responder = http_app.HTTPResponder(self.start_response)
+        responder.send_response_json(value='success')
+        self.assertEqual('200 OK', self.status)
+        expected_body = '{"value": "success"}\r\n'
+        self.assertEqual({'content-type': 'application/json',
+                          'content-length': str(len(expected_body)),
+                          'cache-control': 'no-cache'}, self.headers)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.response_body)
+        self.assertEqual([expected_body], responder.content)
+
+    def test_send_response_json_status_fail(self):
+        responder = http_app.HTTPResponder(self.start_response)
+        responder.send_response_json(400)
+        self.assertEqual('400 Bad Request', self.status)
+        expected_body = '{}\r\n'
+        self.assertEqual({'content-type': 'application/json',
+                          'content-length': str(len(expected_body)),
+                          'cache-control': 'no-cache'}, self.headers)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.response_body)
+        self.assertEqual([expected_body], responder.content)
+
+    def test_start_finish_response_status_fail(self):
+        responder = http_app.HTTPResponder(self.start_response)
+        responder.start_response(404, {'error': 'not found'})
+        responder.finish_response()
+        self.assertEqual('404 Not Found', self.status)
+        self.assertEqual({'content-type': 'application/json',
+                          'cache-control': 'no-cache'}, self.headers)
+        self.assertEqual(['{"error": "not found"}\r\n'], self.response_body)
+        self.assertEqual([], responder.content)
+
+    def test_send_stream_entry(self):
+        responder = http_app.HTTPResponder(self.start_response)
+        responder.content_type = "application/x-u1db-multi-json"
+        responder.start_response(200)
+        responder.start_stream()
+        responder.stream_entry({'entry': 1})
+        responder.stream_entry({'entry': 2})
+        responder.end_stream()
+        responder.finish_response()
+        self.assertEqual('200 OK', self.status)
+        self.assertEqual({'content-type': 'application/x-u1db-multi-json',
+                          'cache-control': 'no-cache'}, self.headers)
+        self.assertEqual(['[',
+                          '\r\n', '{"entry": 1}',
+                          ',\r\n', '{"entry": 2}',
+                          '\r\n]\r\n'], self.response_body)
+        self.assertEqual([], responder.content)
+
+    def test_send_stream_w_error(self):
+        responder = http_app.HTTPResponder(self.start_response)
+        responder.content_type = "application/x-u1db-multi-json"
+        responder.start_response(200)
+        responder.start_stream()
+        responder.stream_entry({'entry': 1})
+        responder.send_response_json(503, error="unavailable")
+        self.assertEqual('200 OK', self.status)
+        self.assertEqual({'content-type': 'application/x-u1db-multi-json',
+                          'cache-control': 'no-cache'}, self.headers)
+        self.assertEqual(['[',
+                          '\r\n', '{"entry": 1}'], self.response_body)
+        self.assertEqual([',\r\n', '{"error": "unavailable"}\r\n'],
+                         responder.content)
+
+
+class TestHTTPApp(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestHTTPApp, self).setUp()
+        self.state = tests.ServerStateForTests()
+        self.http_app = http_app.HTTPApp(self.state)
+        self.app = paste.fixture.TestApp(self.http_app)
+        self.db0 = self.state._create_database('db0')
+
+    def test_bad_request_broken(self):
+        resp = self.app.put('/db0/doc/doc1', params='{"x": 1}',
+                            headers={'content-type': 'application/foo'},
+                            expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(400, resp.status)
+
+    def test_bad_request_dispatch(self):
+        resp = self.app.put('/db0/foo/doc1', params='{"x": 1}',
+                            headers={'content-type': 'application/json'},
+                            expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(400, resp.status)
+
+    def test_version(self):
+        resp = self.app.get('/')
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual({"version": _u1db_version}, json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_create_database(self):
+        resp = self.app.put('/db1', params='{}',
+                            headers={'content-type': 'application/json'})
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual({'ok': True}, json.loads(resp.body))
+
+        resp = self.app.put('/db1', params='{}',
+                            headers={'content-type': 'application/json'})
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual({'ok': True}, json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_delete_database(self):
+        resp = self.app.delete('/db0')
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                          self.state.check_database, 'db0')
+
+    def test_get_database(self):
+        resp = self.app.get('/db0')
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual({}, json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_valid_database_names(self):
+        resp = self.app.get('/a-database', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(404, resp.status)
+
+        resp = self.app.get('/db1', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(404, resp.status)
+
+        resp = self.app.get('/0', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(404, resp.status)
+
+        resp = self.app.get('/0-0', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(404, resp.status)
+
+        resp = self.app.get('/org.future', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(404, resp.status)
+
+    def test_invalid_database_names(self):
+        resp = self.app.get('/.a', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(400, resp.status)
+
+        resp = self.app.get('/-a', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(400, resp.status)
+
+        resp = self.app.get('/_a', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(400, resp.status)
+
+    def test_put_doc_create(self):
+        resp = self.app.put('/db0/doc/doc1', params='{"x": 1}',
+                            headers={'content-type': 'application/json'})
+        doc = self.db0.get_doc('doc1')
+        self.assertEqual(201, resp.status)  # created
+        self.assertEqual('{"x": 1}', doc.get_json())
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual({'rev': doc.rev}, json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_put_doc(self):
+        doc = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc1')
+        resp = self.app.put('/db0/doc/doc1?old_rev=%s' % doc.rev,
+                            params='{"x": 2}',
+                            headers={'content-type': 'application/json'})
+        doc = self.db0.get_doc('doc1')
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('{"x": 2}', doc.get_json())
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual({'rev': doc.rev}, json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_put_doc_too_large(self):
+        self.http_app.max_request_size = 15000
+        doc = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc1')
+        resp = self.app.put('/db0/doc/doc1?old_rev=%s' % doc.rev,
+                            params='{"%s": 2}' % ('z' * 16000),
+                            headers={'content-type': 'application/json'},
+                            expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(400, resp.status)
+
+    def test_delete_doc(self):
+        doc = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc1')
+        resp = self.app.delete('/db0/doc/doc1?old_rev=%s' % doc.rev)
+        doc = self.db0.get_doc('doc1', include_deleted=True)
+        self.assertEqual(None, doc.content)
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual({'rev': doc.rev}, json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_get_doc(self):
+        doc = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc1')
+        resp = self.app.get('/db0/doc/%s' % doc.doc_id)
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual('{"x": 1}', resp.body)
+        self.assertEqual(doc.rev, resp.header('x-u1db-rev'))
+        self.assertEqual('false', resp.header('x-u1db-has-conflicts'))
+
+    def test_get_doc_non_existing(self):
+        resp = self.app.get('/db0/doc/not-there', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(404, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {"error": "document does not exist"}, json.loads(resp.body))
+        self.assertEqual('', resp.header('x-u1db-rev'))
+        self.assertEqual('false', resp.header('x-u1db-has-conflicts'))
+
+    def test_get_doc_deleted(self):
+        doc = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc1')
+        self.db0.delete_doc(doc)
+        resp = self.app.get('/db0/doc/doc1', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(404, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {"error": errors.DocumentDoesNotExist.wire_description},
+            json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_get_doc_deleted_explicit_exclude(self):
+        doc = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc1')
+        self.db0.delete_doc(doc)
+        resp = self.app.get(
+            '/db0/doc/doc1?include_deleted=false', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(404, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {"error": errors.DocumentDoesNotExist.wire_description},
+            json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_get_deleted_doc(self):
+        doc = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc1')
+        self.db0.delete_doc(doc)
+        resp = self.app.get(
+            '/db0/doc/doc1?include_deleted=true', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(404, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {"error": errors.DOCUMENT_DELETED}, json.loads(resp.body))
+        self.assertEqual(doc.rev, resp.header('x-u1db-rev'))
+        self.assertEqual('false', resp.header('x-u1db-has-conflicts'))
+
+    def test_get_doc_non_existing_dabase(self):
+        resp = self.app.get('/not-there/doc/doc1', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(404, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {"error": "database does not exist"}, json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_get_docs(self):
+        doc1 = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc1')
+        doc2 = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc2')
+        ids = ','.join([doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id])
+        resp = self.app.get('/db0/docs?doc_ids=%s' % ids)
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            'application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        expected = [
+            {"content": '{"x": 1}', "doc_rev": "db0:1", "doc_id": "doc1",
+             "has_conflicts": False},
+            {"content": '{"x": 1}', "doc_rev": "db0:1", "doc_id": "doc2",
+             "has_conflicts": False}]
+        self.assertEqual(expected, json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_get_docs_missing_doc_ids(self):
+        resp = self.app.get('/db0/docs', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(400, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {"error": "missing document ids"}, json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_get_docs_empty_doc_ids(self):
+        resp = self.app.get('/db0/docs?doc_ids=', expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(400, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {"error": "missing document ids"}, json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_get_docs_percent(self):
+        doc1 = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc%1')
+        doc2 = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc2')
+        ids = ','.join([doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id])
+        resp = self.app.get('/db0/docs?doc_ids=%s' % ids)
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            'application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        expected = [
+            {"content": '{"x": 1}', "doc_rev": "db0:1", "doc_id": "doc%1",
+             "has_conflicts": False},
+            {"content": '{"x": 1}', "doc_rev": "db0:1", "doc_id": "doc2",
+             "has_conflicts": False}]
+        self.assertEqual(expected, json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_get_docs_deleted(self):
+        doc1 = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc1')
+        doc2 = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc2')
+        self.db0.delete_doc(doc2)
+        ids = ','.join([doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id])
+        resp = self.app.get('/db0/docs?doc_ids=%s' % ids)
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            'application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        expected = [
+            {"content": '{"x": 1}', "doc_rev": "db0:1", "doc_id": "doc1",
+             "has_conflicts": False}]
+        self.assertEqual(expected, json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_get_docs_include_deleted(self):
+        doc1 = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc1')
+        doc2 = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc2')
+        self.db0.delete_doc(doc2)
+        ids = ','.join([doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id])
+        resp = self.app.get('/db0/docs?doc_ids=%s&include_deleted=true' % ids)
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            'application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        expected = [
+            {"content": '{"x": 1}', "doc_rev": "db0:1", "doc_id": "doc1",
+             "has_conflicts": False},
+            {"content": None, "doc_rev": "db0:2", "doc_id": "doc2",
+             "has_conflicts": False}]
+        self.assertEqual(expected, json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_get_sync_info(self):
+        self.db0._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other-id', 1, 'T-transid')
+        resp = self.app.get('/db0/sync-from/other-id')
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual(dict(target_replica_uid='db0',
+                              target_replica_generation=0,
+                              target_replica_transaction_id='',
+                              source_replica_uid='other-id',
+                              source_replica_generation=1,
+                              source_transaction_id='T-transid'),
+                         json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_record_sync_info(self):
+        resp = self.app.put('/db0/sync-from/other-id',
+                            params='{"generation": 2, "transaction_id": '
+                                   '"T-transid"}',
+                            headers={'content-type': 'application/json'})
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual({'ok': True}, json.loads(resp.body))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (2, 'T-transid'),
+            self.db0._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other-id'))
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_send(self):
+        entries = {
+            10: {'id': 'doc-here', 'rev': 'replica:1', 'content':
+                 '{"value": "here"}', 'gen': 10, 'trans_id': 'T-sid'},
+            11: {'id': 'doc-here2', 'rev': 'replica:1', 'content':
+                 '{"value": "here2"}', 'gen': 11, 'trans_id': 'T-sed'}
+        }
+
+        gens = []
+        _do_set_replica_gen_and_trans_id = \
+            self.db0._do_set_replica_gen_and_trans_id
+
+        def set_sync_generation_witness(other_uid, other_gen, other_trans_id):
+            gens.append((other_uid, other_gen))
+            _do_set_replica_gen_and_trans_id(
+                other_uid, other_gen, other_trans_id)
+            self.assertGetDoc(self.db0, entries[other_gen]['id'],
+                              entries[other_gen]['rev'],
+                              entries[other_gen]['content'], False)
+
+        self.patch(
+            self.db0, '_do_set_replica_gen_and_trans_id',
+            set_sync_generation_witness)
+
+        args = dict(last_known_generation=0)
+        body = ("[\r\n" +
+                "%s,\r\n" % json.dumps(args) +
+                "%s,\r\n" % json.dumps(entries[10]) +
+                "%s\r\n" % json.dumps(entries[11]) +
+                "]\r\n")
+        resp = self.app.post('/db0/sync-from/replica',
+                             params=body,
+                             headers={'content-type':
+                                      'application/x-u1db-sync-stream'})
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/x-u1db-sync-stream',
+                         resp.header('content-type'))
+        bits = resp.body.split('\r\n')
+        self.assertEqual('[', bits[0])
+        last_trans_id = self.db0._get_transaction_log()[-1][1]
+        self.assertEqual({'new_generation': 2,
+                          'new_transaction_id': last_trans_id},
+                         json.loads(bits[1]))
+        self.assertEqual(']', bits[2])
+        self.assertEqual('', bits[3])
+        self.assertEqual([('replica', 10), ('replica', 11)], gens)
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_send_ensure(self):
+        entries = {
+            10: {'id': 'doc-here', 'rev': 'replica:1', 'content':
+                 '{"value": "here"}', 'gen': 10, 'trans_id': 'T-sid'},
+            11: {'id': 'doc-here2', 'rev': 'replica:1', 'content':
+                 '{"value": "here2"}', 'gen': 11, 'trans_id': 'T-sed'}
+        }
+
+        args = dict(last_known_generation=0, ensure=True)
+        body = ("[\r\n" +
+                "%s,\r\n" % json.dumps(args) +
+                "%s,\r\n" % json.dumps(entries[10]) +
+                "%s\r\n" % json.dumps(entries[11]) +
+                "]\r\n")
+        resp = self.app.post('/dbnew/sync-from/replica',
+                             params=body,
+                             headers={'content-type':
+                                      'application/x-u1db-sync-stream'})
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/x-u1db-sync-stream',
+                         resp.header('content-type'))
+        bits = resp.body.split('\r\n')
+        self.assertEqual('[', bits[0])
+        dbnew = self.state.open_database("dbnew")
+        last_trans_id = dbnew._get_transaction_log()[-1][1]
+        self.assertEqual({'new_generation': 2,
+                          'new_transaction_id': last_trans_id,
+                          'replica_uid': dbnew._replica_uid},
+                         json.loads(bits[1]))
+        self.assertEqual(']', bits[2])
+        self.assertEqual('', bits[3])
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_send_entry_too_large(self):
+        self.patch(http_app.SyncResource, 'max_request_size', 20000)
+        self.patch(http_app.SyncResource, 'max_entry_size', 10000)
+        entries = {
+            10: {'id': 'doc-here', 'rev': 'replica:1', 'content':
+                 '{"value": "%s"}' % ('H' * 11000), 'gen': 10},
+        }
+        args = dict(last_known_generation=0)
+        body = ("[\r\n" +
+                "%s,\r\n" % json.dumps(args) +
+                "%s\r\n" % json.dumps(entries[10]) +
+                "]\r\n")
+        resp = self.app.post('/db0/sync-from/replica',
+                             params=body,
+                             headers={'content-type':
+                                      'application/x-u1db-sync-stream'},
+                             expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(400, resp.status)
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_receive(self):
+        doc = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"value": "there"}')
+        doc2 = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"value": "there2"}')
+        args = dict(last_known_generation=0)
+        body = "[\r\n%s\r\n]" % json.dumps(args)
+        resp = self.app.post('/db0/sync-from/replica',
+                             params=body,
+                             headers={'content-type':
+                                      'application/x-u1db-sync-stream'})
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/x-u1db-sync-stream',
+                         resp.header('content-type'))
+        parts = resp.body.splitlines()
+        self.assertEqual(5, len(parts))
+        self.assertEqual('[', parts[0])
+        last_trans_id = self.db0._get_transaction_log()[-1][1]
+        self.assertEqual({'new_generation': 2,
+                          'new_transaction_id': last_trans_id},
+                         json.loads(parts[1].rstrip(",")))
+        part2 = json.loads(parts[2].rstrip(","))
+        self.assertTrue(part2['trans_id'].startswith('T-'))
+        self.assertEqual('{"value": "there"}', part2['content'])
+        self.assertEqual(doc.rev, part2['rev'])
+        self.assertEqual(doc.doc_id, part2['id'])
+        self.assertEqual(1, part2['gen'])
+        part3 = json.loads(parts[3].rstrip(","))
+        self.assertTrue(part3['trans_id'].startswith('T-'))
+        self.assertEqual('{"value": "there2"}', part3['content'])
+        self.assertEqual(doc2.rev, part3['rev'])
+        self.assertEqual(doc2.doc_id, part3['id'])
+        self.assertEqual(2, part3['gen'])
+        self.assertEqual(']', parts[4])
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_error_in_stream(self):
+        args = dict(last_known_generation=0)
+        body = "[\r\n%s\r\n]" % json.dumps(args)
+
+        def boom(self, return_doc_cb):
+            raise errors.Unavailable
+
+        self.patch(sync.SyncExchange, 'return_docs',
+                   boom)
+        resp = self.app.post('/db0/sync-from/replica',
+                             params=body,
+                             headers={'content-type':
+                                      'application/x-u1db-sync-stream'})
+        self.assertEqual(200, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/x-u1db-sync-stream',
+                         resp.header('content-type'))
+        parts = resp.body.splitlines()
+        self.assertEqual(3, len(parts))
+        self.assertEqual('[', parts[0])
+        self.assertEqual({'new_generation': 0, 'new_transaction_id': ''},
+                         json.loads(parts[1].rstrip(",")))
+        self.assertEqual({'error': 'unavailable'}, json.loads(parts[2]))
+
+
+class TestRequestHooks(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestRequestHooks, self).setUp()
+        self.state = tests.ServerStateForTests()
+        self.http_app = http_app.HTTPApp(self.state)
+        self.app = paste.fixture.TestApp(self.http_app)
+        self.db0 = self.state._create_database('db0')
+
+    def test_begin_and_done(self):
+        calls = []
+
+        def begin(environ):
+            self.assertTrue('PATH_INFO' in environ)
+            calls.append('begin')
+
+        def done(environ):
+            self.assertTrue('PATH_INFO' in environ)
+            calls.append('done')
+
+        self.http_app.request_begin = begin
+        self.http_app.request_done = done
+
+        doc = self.db0.create_doc_from_json('{"x": 1}', doc_id='doc1')
+        self.app.get('/db0/doc/%s' % doc.doc_id)
+
+        self.assertEqual(['begin', 'done'], calls)
+
+    def test_bad_request(self):
+        calls = []
+
+        def begin(environ):
+            self.assertTrue('PATH_INFO' in environ)
+            calls.append('begin')
+
+        def bad_request(environ):
+            self.assertTrue('PATH_INFO' in environ)
+            calls.append('bad-request')
+
+        self.http_app.request_begin = begin
+        self.http_app.request_bad_request = bad_request
+        # shouldn't be called
+        self.http_app.request_done = lambda env: 1 / 0
+
+        resp = self.app.put('/db0/foo/doc1', params='{"x": 1}',
+                            headers={'content-type': 'application/json'},
+                            expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(400, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual(['begin', 'bad-request'], calls)
+
+
+class TestHTTPErrors(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def test_wire_description_to_status(self):
+        self.assertNotIn("error", http_errors.wire_description_to_status)
+
+
+class TestHTTPAppErrorHandling(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestHTTPAppErrorHandling, self).setUp()
+        self.exc = None
+        self.state = tests.ServerStateForTests()
+
+        class ErroringResource(object):
+
+            def post(_, args, content):
+                raise self.exc
+
+        def lookup_resource(environ, responder):
+            return ErroringResource()
+
+        self.http_app = http_app.HTTPApp(self.state)
+        self.http_app._lookup_resource = lookup_resource
+        self.app = paste.fixture.TestApp(self.http_app)
+
+    def test_RevisionConflict_etc(self):
+        self.exc = errors.RevisionConflict()
+        resp = self.app.post('/req', params='{}',
+                             headers={'content-type': 'application/json'},
+                             expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(409, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual({"error": "revision conflict"},
+                         json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_Unavailable(self):
+        self.exc = errors.Unavailable
+        resp = self.app.post('/req', params='{}',
+                             headers={'content-type': 'application/json'},
+                             expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(503, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual({"error": "unavailable"},
+                         json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_generic_u1db_errors(self):
+        self.exc = errors.U1DBError()
+        resp = self.app.post('/req', params='{}',
+                             headers={'content-type': 'application/json'},
+                             expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(500, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', resp.header('content-type'))
+        self.assertEqual({"error": "error"},
+                         json.loads(resp.body))
+
+    def test_generic_u1db_errors_hooks(self):
+        calls = []
+
+        def begin(environ):
+            self.assertTrue('PATH_INFO' in environ)
+            calls.append('begin')
+
+        def u1db_error(environ, exc):
+            self.assertTrue('PATH_INFO' in environ)
+            calls.append(('error', exc))
+
+        self.http_app.request_begin = begin
+        self.http_app.request_u1db_error = u1db_error
+        # shouldn't be called
+        self.http_app.request_done = lambda env: 1 / 0
+
+        self.exc = errors.U1DBError()
+        resp = self.app.post('/req', params='{}',
+                             headers={'content-type': 'application/json'},
+                             expect_errors=True)
+        self.assertEqual(500, resp.status)
+        self.assertEqual(['begin', ('error', self.exc)], calls)
+
+    def test_failure(self):
+        class Failure(Exception):
+            pass
+        self.exc = Failure()
+        self.assertRaises(Failure, self.app.post, '/req', params='{}',
+                          headers={'content-type': 'application/json'})
+
+    def test_failure_hooks(self):
+        class Failure(Exception):
+            pass
+        calls = []
+
+        def begin(environ):
+            calls.append('begin')
+
+        def failed(environ):
+            self.assertTrue('PATH_INFO' in environ)
+            calls.append(('failed', sys.exc_info()))
+
+        self.http_app.request_begin = begin
+        self.http_app.request_failed = failed
+        # shouldn't be called
+        self.http_app.request_done = lambda env: 1 / 0
+
+        self.exc = Failure()
+        self.assertRaises(Failure, self.app.post, '/req', params='{}',
+                          headers={'content-type': 'application/json'})
+
+        self.assertEqual(2, len(calls))
+        self.assertEqual('begin', calls[0])
+        marker, (exc_type, exc, tb) = calls[1]
+        self.assertEqual('failed', marker)
+        self.assertEqual(self.exc, exc)
+
+
+class TestPluggableSyncExchange(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestPluggableSyncExchange, self).setUp()
+        self.state = tests.ServerStateForTests()
+        self.state.ensure_database('foo')
+
+    def test_plugging(self):
+
+        class MySyncExchange(object):
+            def __init__(self, db, source_replica_uid, last_known_generation):
+                pass
+
+        class MySyncResource(http_app.SyncResource):
+            sync_exchange_class = MySyncExchange
+
+        sync_res = MySyncResource('foo', 'src', self.state, None)
+        sync_res.post_args(
+            {'last_known_generation': 0, 'last_known_trans_id': None}, '{}')
+        self.assertIsInstance(sync_res.sync_exch, MySyncExchange)
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_http_client.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_http_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42e98461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_http_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+# Copyright 2011-2012 Canonical Ltd.
+#
+# This file is part of u1db.
+#
+# u1db is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# u1db is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with u1db.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""Tests for HTTPDatabase"""
+
+from oauth import oauth
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+except ImportError:
+    import json  # noqa
+
+from u1db import (
+    errors,
+)
+
+from leap.soledad.tests import u1db_tests as tests
+
+from u1db.remote import (
+    http_client,
+)
+
+
+class TestEncoder(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def test_encode_string(self):
+        self.assertEqual("foo", http_client._encode_query_parameter("foo"))
+
+    def test_encode_true(self):
+        self.assertEqual("true", http_client._encode_query_parameter(True))
+
+    def test_encode_false(self):
+        self.assertEqual("false", http_client._encode_query_parameter(False))
+
+
+class TestHTTPClientBase(tests.TestCaseWithServer):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestHTTPClientBase, self).setUp()
+        self.errors = 0
+
+    def app(self, environ, start_response):
+        if environ['PATH_INFO'].endswith('echo'):
+            start_response("200 OK", [('Content-Type', 'application/json')])
+            ret = {}
+            for name in ('REQUEST_METHOD', 'PATH_INFO', 'QUERY_STRING'):
+                ret[name] = environ[name]
+            if environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] in ('PUT', 'POST'):
+                ret['CONTENT_TYPE'] = environ['CONTENT_TYPE']
+                content_length = int(environ['CONTENT_LENGTH'])
+                ret['body'] = environ['wsgi.input'].read(content_length)
+            return [json.dumps(ret)]
+        elif environ['PATH_INFO'].endswith('error_then_accept'):
+            if self.errors >= 3:
+                start_response(
+                    "200 OK", [('Content-Type', 'application/json')])
+                ret = {}
+                for name in ('REQUEST_METHOD', 'PATH_INFO', 'QUERY_STRING'):
+                    ret[name] = environ[name]
+                if environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] in ('PUT', 'POST'):
+                    ret['CONTENT_TYPE'] = environ['CONTENT_TYPE']
+                    content_length = int(environ['CONTENT_LENGTH'])
+                    ret['body'] = '{"oki": "doki"}'
+                return [json.dumps(ret)]
+            self.errors += 1
+            content_length = int(environ['CONTENT_LENGTH'])
+            error = json.loads(
+                environ['wsgi.input'].read(content_length))
+            response = error['response']
+            # In debug mode, wsgiref has an assertion that the status parameter
+            # is a 'str' object. However error['status'] returns a unicode
+            # object.
+            status = str(error['status'])
+            if isinstance(response, unicode):
+                response = str(response)
+            if isinstance(response, str):
+                start_response(status, [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')])
+                return [str(response)]
+            else:
+                start_response(status, [('Content-Type', 'application/json')])
+                return [json.dumps(response)]
+        elif environ['PATH_INFO'].endswith('error'):
+            self.errors += 1
+            content_length = int(environ['CONTENT_LENGTH'])
+            error = json.loads(
+                environ['wsgi.input'].read(content_length))
+            response = error['response']
+            # In debug mode, wsgiref has an assertion that the status parameter
+            # is a 'str' object. However error['status'] returns a unicode
+            # object.
+            status = str(error['status'])
+            if isinstance(response, unicode):
+                response = str(response)
+            if isinstance(response, str):
+                start_response(status, [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')])
+                return [str(response)]
+            else:
+                start_response(status, [('Content-Type', 'application/json')])
+                return [json.dumps(response)]
+        elif '/oauth' in environ['PATH_INFO']:
+            base_url = self.getURL('').rstrip('/')
+            oauth_req = oauth.OAuthRequest.from_request(
+                http_method=environ['REQUEST_METHOD'],
+                http_url=base_url + environ['PATH_INFO'],
+                headers={'Authorization': environ['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION']},
+                query_string=environ['QUERY_STRING']
+            )
+            oauth_server = oauth.OAuthServer(tests.testingOAuthStore)
+            oauth_server.add_signature_method(tests.sign_meth_HMAC_SHA1)
+            try:
+                consumer, token, params = oauth_server.verify_request(
+                    oauth_req)
+            except oauth.OAuthError, e:
+                start_response("401 Unauthorized",
+                               [('Content-Type', 'application/json')])
+                return [json.dumps({"error": "unauthorized",
+                                    "message": e.message})]
+            start_response("200 OK", [('Content-Type', 'application/json')])
+            return [json.dumps([environ['PATH_INFO'], token.key, params])]
+
+    def make_app(self):
+        return self.app
+
+    def getClient(self, **kwds):
+        self.startServer()
+        return http_client.HTTPClientBase(self.getURL('dbase'), **kwds)
+
+    def test_construct(self):
+        self.startServer()
+        url = self.getURL()
+        cli = http_client.HTTPClientBase(url)
+        self.assertEqual(url, cli._url.geturl())
+        self.assertIs(None, cli._conn)
+
+    def test_parse_url(self):
+        cli = http_client.HTTPClientBase(
+            '%s://127.0.0.1:12345/' % self.url_scheme)
+        self.assertEqual(self.url_scheme, cli._url.scheme)
+        self.assertEqual('127.0.0.1', cli._url.hostname)
+        self.assertEqual(12345, cli._url.port)
+        self.assertEqual('/', cli._url.path)
+
+    def test__ensure_connection(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        self.assertIs(None, cli._conn)
+        cli._ensure_connection()
+        self.assertIsNot(None, cli._conn)
+        conn = cli._conn
+        cli._ensure_connection()
+        self.assertIs(conn, cli._conn)
+
+    def test_close(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        cli._ensure_connection()
+        cli.close()
+        self.assertIs(None, cli._conn)
+
+    def test__request(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        res, headers = cli._request('PUT', ['echo'], {}, {})
+        self.assertEqual({'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/json',
+                          'PATH_INFO': '/dbase/echo',
+                          'QUERY_STRING': '',
+                          'body': '{}',
+                          'REQUEST_METHOD': 'PUT'}, json.loads(res))
+
+        res, headers = cli._request('GET', ['doc', 'echo'], {'a': 1})
+        self.assertEqual({'PATH_INFO': '/dbase/doc/echo',
+                          'QUERY_STRING': 'a=1',
+                          'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET'}, json.loads(res))
+
+        res, headers = cli._request('GET', ['doc', '%FFFF', 'echo'], {'a': 1})
+        self.assertEqual({'PATH_INFO': '/dbase/doc/%FFFF/echo',
+                          'QUERY_STRING': 'a=1',
+                          'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET'}, json.loads(res))
+
+        res, headers = cli._request('POST', ['echo'], {'b': 2}, 'Body',
+                                    'application/x-test')
+        self.assertEqual({'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-test',
+                          'PATH_INFO': '/dbase/echo',
+                          'QUERY_STRING': 'b=2',
+                          'body': 'Body',
+                          'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST'}, json.loads(res))
+
+    def test__request_json(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        res, headers = cli._request_json(
+            'POST', ['echo'], {'b': 2}, {'a': 'x'})
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', headers['content-type'])
+        self.assertEqual({'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/json',
+                          'PATH_INFO': '/dbase/echo',
+                          'QUERY_STRING': 'b=2',
+                          'body': '{"a": "x"}',
+                          'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST'}, res)
+
+    def test_unspecified_http_error(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        self.assertRaises(errors.HTTPError,
+                          cli._request_json, 'POST', ['error'], {},
+                          {'status': "500 Internal Error",
+                           'response': "Crash."})
+        try:
+            cli._request_json('POST', ['error'], {},
+                              {'status': "500 Internal Error",
+                               'response': "Fail."})
+        except errors.HTTPError, e:
+            pass
+
+        self.assertEqual(500, e.status)
+        self.assertEqual("Fail.", e.message)
+        self.assertTrue("content-type" in e.headers)
+
+    def test_revision_conflict(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        self.assertRaises(errors.RevisionConflict,
+                          cli._request_json, 'POST', ['error'], {},
+                          {'status': "409 Conflict",
+                           'response': {"error": "revision conflict"}})
+
+    def test_unavailable_proper(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        cli._delays = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.Unavailable,
+                          cli._request_json, 'POST', ['error'], {},
+                          {'status': "503 Service Unavailable",
+                           'response': {"error": "unavailable"}})
+        self.assertEqual(5, self.errors)
+
+    def test_unavailable_then_available(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        cli._delays = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+        res, headers = cli._request_json(
+            'POST', ['error_then_accept'], {'b': 2},
+            {'status': "503 Service Unavailable",
+             'response': {"error": "unavailable"}})
+        self.assertEqual('application/json', headers['content-type'])
+        self.assertEqual({'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/json',
+                          'PATH_INFO': '/dbase/error_then_accept',
+                          'QUERY_STRING': 'b=2',
+                          'body': '{"oki": "doki"}',
+                          'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST'}, res)
+        self.assertEqual(3, self.errors)
+
+    def test_unavailable_random_source(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        cli._delays = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+        try:
+            cli._request_json('POST', ['error'], {},
+                              {'status': "503 Service Unavailable",
+                               'response': "random unavailable."})
+        except errors.Unavailable, e:
+            pass
+
+        self.assertEqual(503, e.status)
+        self.assertEqual("random unavailable.", e.message)
+        self.assertTrue("content-type" in e.headers)
+        self.assertEqual(5, self.errors)
+
+    def test_document_too_big(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DocumentTooBig,
+                          cli._request_json, 'POST', ['error'], {},
+                          {'status': "403 Forbidden",
+                           'response': {"error": "document too big"}})
+
+    def test_user_quota_exceeded(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        self.assertRaises(errors.UserQuotaExceeded,
+                          cli._request_json, 'POST', ['error'], {},
+                          {'status': "403 Forbidden",
+                           'response': {"error": "user quota exceeded"}})
+
+    def test_user_needs_subscription(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        self.assertRaises(errors.SubscriptionNeeded,
+                          cli._request_json, 'POST', ['error'], {},
+                          {'status': "403 Forbidden",
+                           'response': {"error": "user needs subscription"}})
+
+    def test_generic_u1db_error(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        self.assertRaises(errors.U1DBError,
+                          cli._request_json, 'POST', ['error'], {},
+                          {'status': "400 Bad Request",
+                           'response': {"error": "error"}})
+        try:
+            cli._request_json('POST', ['error'], {},
+                              {'status': "400 Bad Request",
+                               'response': {"error": "error"}})
+        except errors.U1DBError, e:
+            pass
+        self.assertIs(e.__class__, errors.U1DBError)
+
+    def test_unspecified_bad_request(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        self.assertRaises(errors.HTTPError,
+                          cli._request_json, 'POST', ['error'], {},
+                          {'status': "400 Bad Request",
+                           'response': "<Bad Request>"})
+        try:
+            cli._request_json('POST', ['error'], {},
+                              {'status': "400 Bad Request",
+                               'response': "<Bad Request>"})
+        except errors.HTTPError, e:
+            pass
+
+        self.assertEqual(400, e.status)
+        self.assertEqual("<Bad Request>", e.message)
+        self.assertTrue("content-type" in e.headers)
+
+    def test_oauth(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        cli.set_oauth_credentials(tests.consumer1.key, tests.consumer1.secret,
+                                  tests.token1.key, tests.token1.secret)
+        params = {'x': u'\xf0', 'y': "foo"}
+        res, headers = cli._request('GET', ['doc', 'oauth'], params)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ['/dbase/doc/oauth', tests.token1.key, params], json.loads(res))
+
+        # oauth does its own internal quoting
+        params = {'x': u'\xf0', 'y': "foo"}
+        res, headers = cli._request('GET', ['doc', 'oauth', 'foo bar'], params)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ['/dbase/doc/oauth/foo bar', tests.token1.key, params],
+            json.loads(res))
+
+    def test_oauth_ctr_creds(self):
+        cli = self.getClient(creds={'oauth': {
+            'consumer_key': tests.consumer1.key,
+            'consumer_secret': tests.consumer1.secret,
+            'token_key': tests.token1.key,
+            'token_secret': tests.token1.secret,
+        }})
+        params = {'x': u'\xf0', 'y': "foo"}
+        res, headers = cli._request('GET', ['doc', 'oauth'], params)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ['/dbase/doc/oauth', tests.token1.key, params], json.loads(res))
+
+    def test_unknown_creds(self):
+        self.assertRaises(errors.UnknownAuthMethod,
+                          self.getClient, creds={'foo': {}})
+        self.assertRaises(errors.UnknownAuthMethod,
+                          self.getClient, creds={})
+
+    def test_oauth_Unauthorized(self):
+        cli = self.getClient()
+        cli.set_oauth_credentials(tests.consumer1.key, tests.consumer1.secret,
+                                  tests.token1.key, "WRONG")
+        params = {'y': 'foo'}
+        self.assertRaises(errors.Unauthorized, cli._request, 'GET',
+                          ['doc', 'oauth'], params)
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_http_database.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_http_database.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f21e6da1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_http_database.py
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+# Copyright 2011 Canonical Ltd.
+#
+# This file is part of u1db.
+#
+# u1db is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# u1db is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with u1db.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""Tests for HTTPDatabase"""
+
+import inspect
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+except ImportError:
+    import json  # noqa
+
+from u1db import (
+    errors,
+    Document,
+)
+
+from leap.soledad.tests import u1db_tests as tests
+
+from u1db.remote import (
+    http_database,
+    http_target,
+)
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests.test_remote_sync_target import (
+    make_http_app,
+)
+
+
+class TestHTTPDatabaseSimpleOperations(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestHTTPDatabaseSimpleOperations, self).setUp()
+        self.db = http_database.HTTPDatabase('dbase')
+        self.db._conn = object()  # crash if used
+        self.got = None
+        self.response_val = None
+
+        def _request(method, url_parts, params=None, body=None,
+                     content_type=None):
+            self.got = method, url_parts, params, body, content_type
+            if isinstance(self.response_val, Exception):
+                raise self.response_val
+            return self.response_val
+
+        def _request_json(method, url_parts, params=None, body=None,
+                          content_type=None):
+            self.got = method, url_parts, params, body, content_type
+            if isinstance(self.response_val, Exception):
+                raise self.response_val
+            return self.response_val
+
+        self.db._request = _request
+        self.db._request_json = _request_json
+
+    def test__sanity_same_signature(self):
+        my_request_sig = inspect.getargspec(self.db._request)
+        my_request_sig = (['self'] + my_request_sig[0],) + my_request_sig[1:]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            my_request_sig,
+            inspect.getargspec(http_database.HTTPDatabase._request))
+        my_request_json_sig = inspect.getargspec(self.db._request_json)
+        my_request_json_sig = ((['self'] + my_request_json_sig[0],) +
+                               my_request_json_sig[1:])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            my_request_json_sig,
+            inspect.getargspec(http_database.HTTPDatabase._request_json))
+
+    def test__ensure(self):
+        self.response_val = {'ok': True}, {}
+        self.db._ensure()
+        self.assertEqual(('PUT', [], {}, {}, None), self.got)
+
+    def test__delete(self):
+        self.response_val = {'ok': True}, {}
+        self.db._delete()
+        self.assertEqual(('DELETE', [], {}, {}, None), self.got)
+
+    def test__check(self):
+        self.response_val = {}, {}
+        res = self.db._check()
+        self.assertEqual({}, res)
+        self.assertEqual(('GET', [], None, None, None), self.got)
+
+    def test_put_doc(self):
+        self.response_val = {'rev': 'doc-rev'}, {}
+        doc = Document('doc-id', None, '{"v": 1}')
+        res = self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertEqual('doc-rev', res)
+        self.assertEqual('doc-rev', doc.rev)
+        self.assertEqual(('PUT', ['doc', 'doc-id'], {},
+                          '{"v": 1}', 'application/json'), self.got)
+
+        self.response_val = {'rev': 'doc-rev-2'}, {}
+        doc.content = {"v": 2}
+        res = self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertEqual('doc-rev-2', res)
+        self.assertEqual('doc-rev-2', doc.rev)
+        self.assertEqual(('PUT', ['doc', 'doc-id'], {'old_rev': 'doc-rev'},
+                          '{"v": 2}', 'application/json'), self.got)
+
+    def test_get_doc(self):
+        self.response_val = '{"v": 2}', {'x-u1db-rev': 'doc-rev',
+                                         'x-u1db-has-conflicts': 'false'}
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'doc-id', 'doc-rev', '{"v": 2}', False)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ('GET', ['doc', 'doc-id'], {'include_deleted': False}, None, None),
+            self.got)
+
+    def test_get_doc_non_existing(self):
+        self.response_val = errors.DocumentDoesNotExist()
+        self.assertIs(None, self.db.get_doc('not-there'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ('GET', ['doc', 'not-there'], {'include_deleted': False}, None,
+             None), self.got)
+
+    def test_get_doc_deleted(self):
+        self.response_val = errors.DocumentDoesNotExist()
+        self.assertIs(None, self.db.get_doc('deleted'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ('GET', ['doc', 'deleted'], {'include_deleted': False}, None,
+             None), self.got)
+
+    def test_get_doc_deleted_include_deleted(self):
+        self.response_val = errors.HTTPError(404,
+                                             json.dumps(
+                                             {"error": errors.DOCUMENT_DELETED}
+                                             ),
+                                             {'x-u1db-rev': 'doc-rev-gone',
+                                              'x-u1db-has-conflicts': 'false'})
+        doc = self.db.get_doc('deleted', include_deleted=True)
+        self.assertEqual('deleted', doc.doc_id)
+        self.assertEqual('doc-rev-gone', doc.rev)
+        self.assertIs(None, doc.content)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ('GET', ['doc', 'deleted'], {'include_deleted': True}, None, None),
+            self.got)
+
+    def test_get_doc_pass_through_errors(self):
+        self.response_val = errors.HTTPError(500, 'Crash.')
+        self.assertRaises(errors.HTTPError,
+                          self.db.get_doc, 'something-something')
+
+    def test_create_doc_with_id(self):
+        self.response_val = {'rev': 'doc-rev'}, {}
+        new_doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"v": 1}', doc_id='doc-id')
+        self.assertEqual('doc-rev', new_doc.rev)
+        self.assertEqual('doc-id', new_doc.doc_id)
+        self.assertEqual('{"v": 1}', new_doc.get_json())
+        self.assertEqual(('PUT', ['doc', 'doc-id'], {},
+                          '{"v": 1}', 'application/json'), self.got)
+
+    def test_create_doc_without_id(self):
+        self.response_val = {'rev': 'doc-rev-2'}, {}
+        new_doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"v": 3}')
+        self.assertEqual('D-', new_doc.doc_id[:2])
+        self.assertEqual('doc-rev-2', new_doc.rev)
+        self.assertEqual('{"v": 3}', new_doc.get_json())
+        self.assertEqual(('PUT', ['doc', new_doc.doc_id], {},
+                          '{"v": 3}', 'application/json'), self.got)
+
+    def test_delete_doc(self):
+        self.response_val = {'rev': 'doc-rev-gone'}, {}
+        doc = Document('doc-id', 'doc-rev', None)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertEqual('doc-rev-gone', doc.rev)
+        self.assertEqual(('DELETE', ['doc', 'doc-id'], {'old_rev': 'doc-rev'},
+                          None, None), self.got)
+
+    def test_get_sync_target(self):
+        st = self.db.get_sync_target()
+        self.assertIsInstance(st, http_target.HTTPSyncTarget)
+        self.assertEqual(st._url, self.db._url)
+
+    def test_get_sync_target_inherits_oauth_credentials(self):
+        self.db.set_oauth_credentials(tests.consumer1.key,
+                                      tests.consumer1.secret,
+                                      tests.token1.key, tests.token1.secret)
+        st = self.db.get_sync_target()
+        self.assertEqual(self.db._creds, st._creds)
+
+
+class TestHTTPDatabaseCtrWithCreds(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def test_ctr_with_creds(self):
+        db1 = http_database.HTTPDatabase('http://dbs/db', creds={'oauth': {
+            'consumer_key': tests.consumer1.key,
+            'consumer_secret': tests.consumer1.secret,
+            'token_key': tests.token1.key,
+            'token_secret': tests.token1.secret
+        }})
+        self.assertIn('oauth', db1._creds)
+
+
+class TestHTTPDatabaseIntegration(tests.TestCaseWithServer):
+
+    make_app_with_state = staticmethod(make_http_app)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestHTTPDatabaseIntegration, self).setUp()
+        self.startServer()
+
+    def test_non_existing_db(self):
+        db = http_database.HTTPDatabase(self.getURL('not-there'))
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist, db.get_doc, 'doc1')
+
+    def test__ensure(self):
+        db = http_database.HTTPDatabase(self.getURL('new'))
+        db._ensure()
+        self.assertIs(None, db.get_doc('doc1'))
+
+    def test__delete(self):
+        self.request_state._create_database('db0')
+        db = http_database.HTTPDatabase(self.getURL('db0'))
+        db._delete()
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                          self.request_state.check_database, 'db0')
+
+    def test_open_database_existing(self):
+        self.request_state._create_database('db0')
+        db = http_database.HTTPDatabase.open_database(self.getURL('db0'),
+                                                      create=False)
+        self.assertIs(None, db.get_doc('doc1'))
+
+    def test_open_database_non_existing(self):
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                          http_database.HTTPDatabase.open_database,
+                          self.getURL('not-there'),
+                          create=False)
+
+    def test_open_database_create(self):
+        db = http_database.HTTPDatabase.open_database(self.getURL('new'),
+                                                      create=True)
+        self.assertIs(None, db.get_doc('doc1'))
+
+    def test_delete_database_existing(self):
+        self.request_state._create_database('db0')
+        http_database.HTTPDatabase.delete_database(self.getURL('db0'))
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                          self.request_state.check_database, 'db0')
+
+    def test_doc_ids_needing_quoting(self):
+        db0 = self.request_state._create_database('db0')
+        db = http_database.HTTPDatabase.open_database(self.getURL('db0'),
+                                                      create=False)
+        doc = Document('%fff', None, '{}')
+        db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(db0, '%fff', doc.rev, '{}', False)
+        self.assertGetDoc(db, '%fff', doc.rev, '{}', False)
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_https.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_https.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62180f8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_https.py
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+"""Test support for client-side https support."""
+
+import os
+import ssl
+import sys
+
+from paste import httpserver
+
+from u1db.remote import (
+    http_client,
+    http_target,
+)
+
+from leap import soledad
+from leap.soledad.tests import u1db_tests as tests
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests.test_remote_sync_target import (
+    make_oauth_http_app,
+)
+
+
+def https_server_def():
+    def make_server(host_port, application):
+        from OpenSSL import SSL
+        cert_file = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'testing-certs',
+                                 'testing.cert')
+        key_file = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'testing-certs',
+                                'testing.key')
+        ssl_context = SSL.Context(SSL.SSLv23_METHOD)
+        ssl_context.use_privatekey_file(key_file)
+        ssl_context.use_certificate_chain_file(cert_file)
+        srv = httpserver.WSGIServerBase(application, host_port,
+                                        httpserver.WSGIHandler,
+                                        ssl_context=ssl_context
+                                        )
+
+        def shutdown_request(req):
+            req.shutdown()
+            srv.close_request(req)
+
+        srv.shutdown_request = shutdown_request
+        application.base_url = "https://localhost:%s" % srv.server_address[1]
+        return srv
+    return make_server, "shutdown", "https"
+
+
+def oauth_https_sync_target(test, host, path):
+    _, port = test.server.server_address
+    st = http_target.HTTPSyncTarget('https://%s:%d/~/%s' % (host, port, path))
+    st.set_oauth_credentials(tests.consumer1.key, tests.consumer1.secret,
+                             tests.token1.key, tests.token1.secret)
+    return st
+
+
+class TestHttpSyncTargetHttpsSupport(tests.TestCaseWithServer):
+
+    scenarios = [
+        ('oauth_https', {'server_def': https_server_def,
+                         'make_app_with_state': make_oauth_http_app,
+                         'make_document_for_test':
+                         tests.make_document_for_test,
+                         'sync_target': oauth_https_sync_target
+                         }),
+    ]
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        try:
+            import OpenSSL  # noqa
+        except ImportError:
+            self.skipTest("Requires pyOpenSSL")
+        self.cacert_pem = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
+                                       'testing-certs', 'cacert.pem')
+        # The default u1db http_client class for doing HTTPS only does HTTPS
+        # if the platform is linux. Because of this, soledad replaces that
+        # class with one that will do HTTPS independent of the platform. In
+        # order to maintain the compatibility with u1db default tests, we undo
+        # that replacement here.
+        http_client._VerifiedHTTPSConnection = \
+            soledad.old__VerifiedHTTPSConnection
+        super(TestHttpSyncTargetHttpsSupport, self).setUp()
+
+    def getSyncTarget(self, host, path=None):
+        if self.server is None:
+            self.startServer()
+        return self.sync_target(self, host, path)
+
+    def test_working(self):
+        self.startServer()
+        db = self.request_state._create_database('test')
+        self.patch(http_client, 'CA_CERTS', self.cacert_pem)
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('localhost', 'test')
+        remote_target.record_sync_info('other-id', 2, 'T-id')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (2, 'T-id'), db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other-id'))
+
+    def test_cannot_verify_cert(self):
+        if not sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
+            self.skipTest(
+                "XXX certificate verification happens on linux only for now")
+        self.startServer()
+        # don't print expected traceback server-side
+        self.server.handle_error = lambda req, cli_addr: None
+        self.request_state._create_database('test')
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('localhost', 'test')
+        try:
+            remote_target.record_sync_info('other-id', 2, 'T-id')
+        except ssl.SSLError, e:
+            self.assertIn("certificate verify failed", str(e))
+        else:
+            self.fail("certificate verification should have failed.")
+
+    def test_host_mismatch(self):
+        if not sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
+            self.skipTest(
+                "XXX certificate verification happens on linux only for now")
+        self.startServer()
+        self.request_state._create_database('test')
+        self.patch(http_client, 'CA_CERTS', self.cacert_pem)
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('127.0.0.1', 'test')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            http_client.CertificateError, remote_target.record_sync_info,
+            'other-id', 2, 'T-id')
+
+
+load_tests = tests.load_with_scenarios
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_open.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_open.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ff307e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_open.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# Copyright 2011 Canonical Ltd.
+#
+# This file is part of u1db.
+#
+# u1db is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# u1db is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with u1db.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""Test u1db.open"""
+
+import os
+
+from u1db import (
+    errors,
+    open as u1db_open,
+)
+from leap.soledad.tests import u1db_tests as tests
+from u1db.backends import sqlite_backend
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests.test_backends import TestAlternativeDocument
+
+
+class TestU1DBOpen(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestU1DBOpen, self).setUp()
+        tmpdir = self.createTempDir()
+        self.db_path = tmpdir + '/test.db'
+
+    def test_open_no_create(self):
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                          u1db_open, self.db_path, create=False)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.db_path))
+
+    def test_open_create(self):
+        db = u1db_open(self.db_path, create=True)
+        self.addCleanup(db.close)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.db_path))
+        self.assertIsInstance(db, sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase)
+
+    def test_open_with_factory(self):
+        db = u1db_open(self.db_path, create=True,
+                       document_factory=TestAlternativeDocument)
+        self.addCleanup(db.close)
+        self.assertEqual(TestAlternativeDocument, db._factory)
+
+    def test_open_existing(self):
+        db = sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(self.db_path)
+        self.addCleanup(db.close)
+        doc = db.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc)
+        # Even though create=True, we shouldn't wipe the db
+        db2 = u1db_open(self.db_path, create=True)
+        self.addCleanup(db2.close)
+        doc2 = db2.get_doc(doc.doc_id)
+        self.assertEqual(doc, doc2)
+
+    def test_open_existing_no_create(self):
+        db = sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(self.db_path)
+        self.addCleanup(db.close)
+        db2 = u1db_open(self.db_path, create=False)
+        self.addCleanup(db2.close)
+        self.assertIsInstance(db2, sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase)
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_remote_sync_target.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_remote_sync_target.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..66d404d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_remote_sync_target.py
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+# Copyright 2011-2012 Canonical Ltd.
+#
+# This file is part of u1db.
+#
+# u1db is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# u1db is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with u1db.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""Tests for the remote sync targets"""
+
+import cStringIO
+
+from u1db import (
+    errors,
+)
+
+from leap.soledad.tests import u1db_tests as tests
+
+from u1db.remote import (
+    http_app,
+    http_target,
+    oauth_middleware,
+)
+
+
+class TestHTTPSyncTargetBasics(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def test_parse_url(self):
+        remote_target = http_target.HTTPSyncTarget('http://127.0.0.1:12345/')
+        self.assertEqual('http', remote_target._url.scheme)
+        self.assertEqual('127.0.0.1', remote_target._url.hostname)
+        self.assertEqual(12345, remote_target._url.port)
+        self.assertEqual('/', remote_target._url.path)
+
+
+class TestParsingSyncStream(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def test_wrong_start(self):
+        tgt = http_target.HTTPSyncTarget("http://foo/foo")
+
+        self.assertRaises(errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream, "{}\r\n]", None)
+
+        self.assertRaises(errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream, "\r\n{}\r\n]", None)
+
+        self.assertRaises(errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream, "", None)
+
+    def test_wrong_end(self):
+        tgt = http_target.HTTPSyncTarget("http://foo/foo")
+
+        self.assertRaises(errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream, "[\r\n{}", None)
+
+        self.assertRaises(errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream, "[\r\n", None)
+
+    def test_missing_comma(self):
+        tgt = http_target.HTTPSyncTarget("http://foo/foo")
+
+        self.assertRaises(errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream,
+                          '[\r\n{}\r\n{"id": "i", "rev": "r", '
+                          '"content": "c", "gen": 3}\r\n]', None)
+
+    def test_no_entries(self):
+        tgt = http_target.HTTPSyncTarget("http://foo/foo")
+
+        self.assertRaises(errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream, "[\r\n]", None)
+
+    def test_extra_comma(self):
+        tgt = http_target.HTTPSyncTarget("http://foo/foo")
+
+        self.assertRaises(errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream, "[\r\n{},\r\n]", None)
+
+        self.assertRaises(errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream,
+                          '[\r\n{},\r\n{"id": "i", "rev": "r", '
+                          '"content": "{}", "gen": 3, "trans_id": "T-sid"}'
+                          ',\r\n]',
+                          lambda doc, gen, trans_id: None)
+
+    def test_error_in_stream(self):
+        tgt = http_target.HTTPSyncTarget("http://foo/foo")
+
+        self.assertRaises(errors.Unavailable,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream,
+                          '[\r\n{"new_generation": 0},'
+                          '\r\n{"error": "unavailable"}\r\n', None)
+
+        self.assertRaises(errors.Unavailable,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream,
+                          '[\r\n{"error": "unavailable"}\r\n', None)
+
+        self.assertRaises(errors.BrokenSyncStream,
+                          tgt._parse_sync_stream,
+                          '[\r\n{"error": "?"}\r\n', None)
+
+
+def make_http_app(state):
+    return http_app.HTTPApp(state)
+
+
+def http_sync_target(test, path):
+    return http_target.HTTPSyncTarget(test.getURL(path))
+
+
+def make_oauth_http_app(state):
+    app = http_app.HTTPApp(state)
+    application = oauth_middleware.OAuthMiddleware(app, None, prefix='/~/')
+    application.get_oauth_data_store = lambda: tests.testingOAuthStore
+    return application
+
+
+def oauth_http_sync_target(test, path):
+    st = http_sync_target(test, '~/' + path)
+    st.set_oauth_credentials(tests.consumer1.key, tests.consumer1.secret,
+                             tests.token1.key, tests.token1.secret)
+    return st
+
+
+class TestRemoteSyncTargets(tests.TestCaseWithServer):
+
+    scenarios = [
+        ('http', {'make_app_with_state': make_http_app,
+                  'make_document_for_test': tests.make_document_for_test,
+                  'sync_target': http_sync_target}),
+        ('oauth_http', {'make_app_with_state': make_oauth_http_app,
+                        'make_document_for_test': tests.make_document_for_test,
+                        'sync_target': oauth_http_sync_target}),
+    ]
+
+    def getSyncTarget(self, path=None):
+        if self.server is None:
+            self.startServer()
+        return self.sync_target(self, path)
+
+    def test_get_sync_info(self):
+        self.startServer()
+        db = self.request_state._create_database('test')
+        db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other-id', 1, 'T-transid')
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('test')
+        self.assertEqual(('test', 0, '', 1, 'T-transid'),
+                         remote_target.get_sync_info('other-id'))
+
+    def test_record_sync_info(self):
+        self.startServer()
+        db = self.request_state._create_database('test')
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('test')
+        remote_target.record_sync_info('other-id', 2, 'T-transid')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (2, 'T-transid'), db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('other-id'))
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_send(self):
+        self.startServer()
+        db = self.request_state._create_database('test')
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('test')
+        other_docs = []
+
+        def receive_doc(doc):
+            other_docs.append((doc.doc_id, doc.rev, doc.get_json()))
+
+        doc = self.make_document('doc-here', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here"}')
+        new_gen, trans_id = remote_target.sync_exchange(
+            [(doc, 10, 'T-sid')], 'replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=receive_doc)
+        self.assertEqual(1, new_gen)
+        self.assertGetDoc(
+            db, 'doc-here', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here"}', False)
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_send_failure_and_retry_scenario(self):
+        self.startServer()
+
+        def blackhole_getstderr(inst):
+            return cStringIO.StringIO()
+
+        self.patch(self.server.RequestHandlerClass, 'get_stderr',
+                   blackhole_getstderr)
+        db = self.request_state._create_database('test')
+        _put_doc_if_newer = db._put_doc_if_newer
+        trigger_ids = ['doc-here2']
+
+        def bomb_put_doc_if_newer(doc, save_conflict,
+                                  replica_uid=None, replica_gen=None,
+                                  replica_trans_id=None):
+            if doc.doc_id in trigger_ids:
+                raise Exception
+            return _put_doc_if_newer(doc, save_conflict=save_conflict,
+                                     replica_uid=replica_uid,
+                                     replica_gen=replica_gen,
+                                     replica_trans_id=replica_trans_id)
+        self.patch(db, '_put_doc_if_newer', bomb_put_doc_if_newer)
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('test')
+        other_changes = []
+
+        def receive_doc(doc, gen, trans_id):
+            other_changes.append(
+                (doc.doc_id, doc.rev, doc.get_json(), gen, trans_id))
+
+        doc1 = self.make_document('doc-here', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here"}')
+        doc2 = self.make_document('doc-here2', 'replica:1',
+                                  '{"value": "here2"}')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.HTTPError,
+            remote_target.sync_exchange,
+            [(doc1, 10, 'T-sid'), (doc2, 11, 'T-sud')],
+            'replica', last_known_generation=0, last_known_trans_id=None,
+            return_doc_cb=receive_doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(db, 'doc-here', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here"}',
+                          False)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (10, 'T-sid'), db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('replica'))
+        self.assertEqual([], other_changes)
+        # retry
+        trigger_ids = []
+        new_gen, trans_id = remote_target.sync_exchange(
+            [(doc2, 11, 'T-sud')], 'replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=receive_doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(db, 'doc-here2', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here2"}',
+                          False)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (11, 'T-sud'), db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('replica'))
+        self.assertEqual(2, new_gen)
+        # bounced back to us
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ('doc-here', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here"}', 1),
+            other_changes[0][:-1])
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_in_stream_error(self):
+        self.startServer()
+
+        def blackhole_getstderr(inst):
+            return cStringIO.StringIO()
+
+        self.patch(self.server.RequestHandlerClass, 'get_stderr',
+                   blackhole_getstderr)
+        db = self.request_state._create_database('test')
+        doc = db.create_doc_from_json('{"value": "there"}')
+
+        def bomb_get_docs(doc_ids, check_for_conflicts=None,
+                          include_deleted=False):
+            yield doc
+            # delayed failure case
+            raise errors.Unavailable
+
+        self.patch(db, 'get_docs', bomb_get_docs)
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('test')
+        other_changes = []
+
+        def receive_doc(doc, gen, trans_id):
+            other_changes.append(
+                (doc.doc_id, doc.rev, doc.get_json(), gen, trans_id))
+
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.Unavailable, remote_target.sync_exchange, [], 'replica',
+            last_known_generation=0, last_known_trans_id=None,
+            return_doc_cb=receive_doc)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (doc.doc_id, doc.rev, '{"value": "there"}', 1),
+            other_changes[0][:-1])
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_receive(self):
+        self.startServer()
+        db = self.request_state._create_database('test')
+        doc = db.create_doc_from_json('{"value": "there"}')
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('test')
+        other_changes = []
+
+        def receive_doc(doc, gen, trans_id):
+            other_changes.append(
+                (doc.doc_id, doc.rev, doc.get_json(), gen, trans_id))
+
+        new_gen, trans_id = remote_target.sync_exchange(
+            [], 'replica', last_known_generation=0, last_known_trans_id=None,
+            return_doc_cb=receive_doc)
+        self.assertEqual(1, new_gen)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (doc.doc_id, doc.rev, '{"value": "there"}', 1),
+            other_changes[0][:-1])
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_send_ensure_callback(self):
+        self.startServer()
+        remote_target = self.getSyncTarget('test')
+        other_docs = []
+        replica_uid_box = []
+
+        def receive_doc(doc):
+            other_docs.append((doc.doc_id, doc.rev, doc.get_json()))
+
+        def ensure_cb(replica_uid):
+            replica_uid_box.append(replica_uid)
+
+        doc = self.make_document('doc-here', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here"}')
+        new_gen, trans_id = remote_target.sync_exchange(
+            [(doc, 10, 'T-sid')], 'replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=receive_doc,
+            ensure_callback=ensure_cb)
+        self.assertEqual(1, new_gen)
+        db = self.request_state.open_database('test')
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(replica_uid_box))
+        self.assertEqual(db._replica_uid, replica_uid_box[0])
+        self.assertGetDoc(
+            db, 'doc-here', 'replica:1', '{"value": "here"}', False)
+
+
+load_tests = tests.load_with_scenarios
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_sqlite_backend.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_sqlite_backend.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1380e4b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_sqlite_backend.py
@@ -0,0 +1,494 @@
+# Copyright 2011 Canonical Ltd.
+#
+# This file is part of u1db.
+#
+# u1db is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# u1db is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with u1db.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""Test sqlite backend internals."""
+
+import os
+import time
+import threading
+
+from pysqlcipher import dbapi2
+
+from u1db import (
+    errors,
+    query_parser,
+)
+
+from leap.soledad.tests import u1db_tests as tests
+
+from u1db.backends import sqlite_backend
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests.test_backends import TestAlternativeDocument
+
+
+simple_doc = '{"key": "value"}'
+nested_doc = '{"key": "value", "sub": {"doc": "underneath"}}'
+
+
+class TestSQLiteDatabase(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def test_atomic_initialize(self):
+        tmpdir = self.createTempDir()
+        dbname = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'atomic.db')
+
+        t2 = None  # will be a thread
+
+        class SQLiteDatabaseTesting(sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase):
+            _index_storage_value = "testing"
+
+            def __init__(self, dbname, ntry):
+                self._try = ntry
+                self._is_initialized_invocations = 0
+                super(SQLiteDatabaseTesting, self).__init__(dbname)
+
+            def _is_initialized(self, c):
+                res = super(SQLiteDatabaseTesting, self)._is_initialized(c)
+                if self._try == 1:
+                    self._is_initialized_invocations += 1
+                    if self._is_initialized_invocations == 2:
+                        t2.start()
+                        # hard to do better and have a generic test
+                        time.sleep(0.05)
+                return res
+
+        outcome2 = []
+
+        def second_try():
+            try:
+                db2 = SQLiteDatabaseTesting(dbname, 2)
+            except Exception, e:
+                outcome2.append(e)
+            else:
+                outcome2.append(db2)
+
+        t2 = threading.Thread(target=second_try)
+        db1 = SQLiteDatabaseTesting(dbname, 1)
+        t2.join()
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(outcome2[0], SQLiteDatabaseTesting)
+        db2 = outcome2[0]
+        self.assertTrue(db2._is_initialized(db1._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()))
+
+
+class TestSQLitePartialExpandDatabase(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestSQLitePartialExpandDatabase, self).setUp()
+        self.db = sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(':memory:')
+        self.db._set_replica_uid('test')
+
+    def test_create_database(self):
+        raw_db = self.db._get_sqlite_handle()
+        self.assertNotEqual(None, raw_db)
+
+    def test_default_replica_uid(self):
+        self.db = sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(':memory:')
+        self.assertIsNot(None, self.db._replica_uid)
+        self.assertEqual(32, len(self.db._replica_uid))
+        int(self.db._replica_uid, 16)
+
+    def test__close_sqlite_handle(self):
+        raw_db = self.db._get_sqlite_handle()
+        self.db._close_sqlite_handle()
+        self.assertRaises(dbapi2.ProgrammingError,
+                          raw_db.cursor)
+
+    def test_create_database_initializes_schema(self):
+        raw_db = self.db._get_sqlite_handle()
+        c = raw_db.cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM u1db_config")
+        config = dict([(r[0], r[1]) for r in c.fetchall()])
+        self.assertEqual({'sql_schema': '0', 'replica_uid': 'test',
+                          'index_storage': 'expand referenced'}, config)
+
+        # These tables must exist, though we don't care what is in them yet
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM transaction_log")
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM document")
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM document_fields")
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM sync_log")
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM conflicts")
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM index_definitions")
+
+    def test__parse_index(self):
+        self.db = sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(':memory:')
+        g = self.db._parse_index_definition('fieldname')
+        self.assertIsInstance(g, query_parser.ExtractField)
+        self.assertEqual(['fieldname'], g.field)
+
+    def test__update_indexes(self):
+        self.db = sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(':memory:')
+        g = self.db._parse_index_definition('fieldname')
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        self.db._update_indexes('doc-id', {'fieldname': 'val'},
+                                [('fieldname', g)], c)
+        c.execute('SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields')
+        self.assertEqual([('doc-id', 'fieldname', 'val')],
+                         c.fetchall())
+
+    def test__set_replica_uid(self):
+        # Start from scratch, so that replica_uid isn't set.
+        self.db = sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(':memory:')
+        self.assertIsNot(None, self.db._real_replica_uid)
+        self.assertIsNot(None, self.db._replica_uid)
+        self.db._set_replica_uid('foo')
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT value FROM u1db_config WHERE name='replica_uid'")
+        self.assertEqual(('foo',), c.fetchone())
+        self.assertEqual('foo', self.db._real_replica_uid)
+        self.assertEqual('foo', self.db._replica_uid)
+        self.db._close_sqlite_handle()
+        self.assertEqual('foo', self.db._replica_uid)
+
+    def test__get_generation(self):
+        self.assertEqual(0, self.db._get_generation())
+
+    def test__get_generation_info(self):
+        self.assertEqual((0, ''), self.db._get_generation_info())
+
+    def test_create_index(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', "key")
+        self.assertEqual([('test-idx', ["key"])], self.db.list_indexes())
+
+    def test_create_index_multiple_fields(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', "key", "key2")
+        self.assertEqual([('test-idx', ["key", "key2"])],
+                         self.db.list_indexes())
+
+    def test__get_index_definition(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', "key", "key2")
+        # TODO: How would you test that an index is getting used for an SQL
+        #       request?
+        self.assertEqual(["key", "key2"],
+                         self.db._get_index_definition('test-idx'))
+
+    def test_list_index_mixed(self):
+        # Make sure that we properly order the output
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        # We intentionally insert the data in weird ordering, to make sure the
+        # query still gets it back correctly.
+        c.executemany("INSERT INTO index_definitions VALUES (?, ?, ?)",
+                      [('idx-1', 0, 'key10'),
+                       ('idx-2', 2, 'key22'),
+                       ('idx-1', 1, 'key11'),
+                       ('idx-2', 0, 'key20'),
+                       ('idx-2', 1, 'key21')])
+        self.assertEqual([('idx-1', ['key10', 'key11']),
+                          ('idx-2', ['key20', 'key21', 'key22'])],
+                         self.db.list_indexes())
+
+    def test_no_indexes_no_document_fields(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key1": "val1", "key2": "val2"}')
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields"
+                  " ORDER BY doc_id, field_name, value")
+        self.assertEqual([], c.fetchall())
+
+    def test_create_extracts_fields(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key1": "val1", "key2": "val2"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key1": "valx", "key2": "valy"}')
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields"
+                  " ORDER BY doc_id, field_name, value")
+        self.assertEqual([], c.fetchall())
+        self.db.create_index('test', 'key1', 'key2')
+        c.execute("SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields"
+                  " ORDER BY doc_id, field_name, value")
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(
+            [(doc1.doc_id, "key1", "val1"),
+             (doc1.doc_id, "key2", "val2"),
+             (doc2.doc_id, "key1", "valx"),
+             (doc2.doc_id, "key2", "valy"), ]), sorted(c.fetchall()))
+
+    def test_put_updates_fields(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test', 'key1', 'key2')
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key1": "val1", "key2": "val2"}')
+        doc1.content = {"key1": "val1", "key2": "valy"}
+        self.db.put_doc(doc1)
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields"
+                  " ORDER BY doc_id, field_name, value")
+        self.assertEqual([(doc1.doc_id, "key1", "val1"),
+                          (doc1.doc_id, "key2", "valy"), ], c.fetchall())
+
+    def test_put_updates_nested_fields(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test', 'key', 'sub.doc')
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields"
+                  " ORDER BY doc_id, field_name, value")
+        self.assertEqual([(doc1.doc_id, "key", "value"),
+                          (doc1.doc_id, "sub.doc", "underneath"), ],
+                         c.fetchall())
+
+    def test__ensure_schema_rollback(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/rollback.db'
+
+        class SQLitePartialExpandDbTesting(
+                sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase):
+
+            def _set_replica_uid_in_transaction(self, uid):
+                super(SQLitePartialExpandDbTesting,
+                      self)._set_replica_uid_in_transaction(uid)
+                if fail:
+                    raise Exception()
+
+        db = SQLitePartialExpandDbTesting.__new__(SQLitePartialExpandDbTesting)
+        db._db_handle = dbapi2.connect(path)  # db is there but not yet init-ed
+        fail = True
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, db._ensure_schema)
+        fail = False
+        db._initialize(db._db_handle.cursor())
+
+    def test__open_database(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/test.sqlite'
+        sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(path)
+        db2 = sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase._open_database(path)
+        self.assertIsInstance(db2, sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase)
+
+    def test__open_database_with_factory(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/test.sqlite'
+        sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(path)
+        db2 = sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase._open_database(
+            path, document_factory=TestAlternativeDocument)
+        self.assertEqual(TestAlternativeDocument, db2._factory)
+
+    def test__open_database_non_existent(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/non-existent.sqlite'
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                          sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase._open_database, path)
+
+    def test__open_database_during_init(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/initialised.db'
+        db = sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase.__new__(
+            sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase)
+        db._db_handle = dbapi2.connect(path)  # db is there but not yet init-ed
+        self.addCleanup(db.close)
+        observed = []
+
+        class SQLiteDatabaseTesting(sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase):
+            WAIT_FOR_PARALLEL_INIT_HALF_INTERVAL = 0.1
+
+            @classmethod
+            def _which_index_storage(cls, c):
+                res = super(SQLiteDatabaseTesting, cls)._which_index_storage(c)
+                db._ensure_schema()  # init db
+                observed.append(res[0])
+                return res
+
+        db2 = SQLiteDatabaseTesting._open_database(path)
+        self.addCleanup(db2.close)
+        self.assertIsInstance(db2, sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [None,
+             sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase._index_storage_value],
+            observed)
+
+    def test__open_database_invalid(self):
+        class SQLiteDatabaseTesting(sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase):
+            WAIT_FOR_PARALLEL_INIT_HALF_INTERVAL = 0.1
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path1 = temp_dir + '/invalid1.db'
+        with open(path1, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write("")
+        self.assertRaises(dbapi2.OperationalError,
+                          SQLiteDatabaseTesting._open_database, path1)
+        with open(path1, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write("invalid")
+        self.assertRaises(dbapi2.DatabaseError,
+                          SQLiteDatabaseTesting._open_database, path1)
+
+    def test_open_database_existing(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/existing.sqlite'
+        sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(path)
+        db2 = sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase.open_database(path, create=False)
+        self.assertIsInstance(db2, sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase)
+
+    def test_open_database_with_factory(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/existing.sqlite'
+        sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase(path)
+        db2 = sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase.open_database(
+            path, create=False, document_factory=TestAlternativeDocument)
+        self.assertEqual(TestAlternativeDocument, db2._factory)
+
+    def test_open_database_create(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/new.sqlite'
+        sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase.open_database(path, create=True)
+        db2 = sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase.open_database(path, create=False)
+        self.assertIsInstance(db2, sqlite_backend.SQLitePartialExpandDatabase)
+
+    def test_open_database_non_existent(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/non-existent.sqlite'
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                          sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase.open_database, path,
+                          create=False)
+
+    def test_delete_database_existent(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/new.sqlite'
+        db = sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase.open_database(path, create=True)
+        db.close()
+        sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase.delete_database(path)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                          sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase.open_database, path,
+                          create=False)
+
+    def test_delete_database_nonexistent(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/non-existent.sqlite'
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                          sqlite_backend.SQLiteDatabase.delete_database, path)
+
+    def test__get_indexed_fields(self):
+        self.db.create_index('idx1', 'a', 'b')
+        self.assertEqual(set(['a', 'b']), self.db._get_indexed_fields())
+        self.db.create_index('idx2', 'b', 'c')
+        self.assertEqual(set(['a', 'b', 'c']), self.db._get_indexed_fields())
+
+    def test_indexed_fields_expanded(self):
+        self.db.create_index('idx1', 'key1')
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key1": "val1", "key2": "val2"}')
+        self.assertEqual(set(['key1']), self.db._get_indexed_fields())
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields"
+                  " ORDER BY doc_id, field_name, value")
+        self.assertEqual([(doc1.doc_id, 'key1', 'val1')], c.fetchall())
+
+    def test_create_index_updates_fields(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key1": "val1", "key2": "val2"}')
+        self.db.create_index('idx1', 'key1')
+        self.assertEqual(set(['key1']), self.db._get_indexed_fields())
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields"
+                  " ORDER BY doc_id, field_name, value")
+        self.assertEqual([(doc1.doc_id, 'key1', 'val1')], c.fetchall())
+
+    def assertFormatQueryEquals(self, exp_statement, exp_args, definition,
+                                values):
+        statement, args = self.db._format_query(definition, values)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_statement, statement)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_args, args)
+
+    def test__format_query(self):
+        self.assertFormatQueryEquals(
+            "SELECT d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content, count(c.doc_rev) FROM "
+            "document d, document_fields d0 LEFT OUTER JOIN conflicts c ON "
+            "c.doc_id = d.doc_id WHERE d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name "
+            "= ? AND d0.value = ? GROUP BY d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content "
+            "ORDER BY d0.value;", ["key1", "a"],
+            ["key1"], ["a"])
+
+    def test__format_query2(self):
+        self.assertFormatQueryEquals(
+            'SELECT d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content, count(c.doc_rev) FROM '
+            'document d, document_fields d0, document_fields d1, '
+            'document_fields d2 LEFT OUTER JOIN conflicts c ON c.doc_id = '
+            'd.doc_id WHERE d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd0.value = ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd1.value = ? AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id AND d2.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd2.value = ? GROUP BY d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content ORDER BY '
+            'd0.value, d1.value, d2.value;',
+            ["key1", "a", "key2", "b", "key3", "c"],
+            ["key1", "key2", "key3"], ["a", "b", "c"])
+
+    def test__format_query_wildcard(self):
+        self.assertFormatQueryEquals(
+            'SELECT d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content, count(c.doc_rev) FROM '
+            'document d, document_fields d0, document_fields d1, '
+            'document_fields d2 LEFT OUTER JOIN conflicts c ON c.doc_id = '
+            'd.doc_id WHERE d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd0.value = ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd1.value GLOB ? AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id AND d2.field_name = ? '
+            'AND d2.value NOT NULL GROUP BY d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content '
+            'ORDER BY d0.value, d1.value, d2.value;',
+            ["key1", "a", "key2", "b*", "key3"], ["key1", "key2", "key3"],
+            ["a", "b*", "*"])
+
+    def assertFormatRangeQueryEquals(self, exp_statement, exp_args, definition,
+                                     start_value, end_value):
+        statement, args = self.db._format_range_query(
+            definition, start_value, end_value)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_statement, statement)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_args, args)
+
+    def test__format_range_query(self):
+        self.assertFormatRangeQueryEquals(
+            'SELECT d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content, count(c.doc_rev) FROM '
+            'document d, document_fields d0, document_fields d1, '
+            'document_fields d2 LEFT OUTER JOIN conflicts c ON c.doc_id = '
+            'd.doc_id WHERE d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd0.value >= ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd1.value >= ? AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id AND d2.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd2.value >= ? AND d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd0.value <= ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd1.value <= ? AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id AND d2.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd2.value <= ? GROUP BY d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content ORDER BY '
+            'd0.value, d1.value, d2.value;',
+            ['key1', 'a', 'key2', 'b', 'key3', 'c', 'key1', 'p', 'key2', 'q',
+             'key3', 'r'],
+            ["key1", "key2", "key3"], ["a", "b", "c"], ["p", "q", "r"])
+
+    def test__format_range_query_no_start(self):
+        self.assertFormatRangeQueryEquals(
+            'SELECT d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content, count(c.doc_rev) FROM '
+            'document d, document_fields d0, document_fields d1, '
+            'document_fields d2 LEFT OUTER JOIN conflicts c ON c.doc_id = '
+            'd.doc_id WHERE d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd0.value <= ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd1.value <= ? AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id AND d2.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd2.value <= ? GROUP BY d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content ORDER BY '
+            'd0.value, d1.value, d2.value;',
+            ['key1', 'a', 'key2', 'b', 'key3', 'c'],
+            ["key1", "key2", "key3"], None, ["a", "b", "c"])
+
+    def test__format_range_query_no_end(self):
+        self.assertFormatRangeQueryEquals(
+            'SELECT d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content, count(c.doc_rev) FROM '
+            'document d, document_fields d0, document_fields d1, '
+            'document_fields d2 LEFT OUTER JOIN conflicts c ON c.doc_id = '
+            'd.doc_id WHERE d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd0.value >= ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd1.value >= ? AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id AND d2.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd2.value >= ? GROUP BY d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content ORDER BY '
+            'd0.value, d1.value, d2.value;',
+            ['key1', 'a', 'key2', 'b', 'key3', 'c'],
+            ["key1", "key2", "key3"], ["a", "b", "c"], None)
+
+    def test__format_range_query_wildcard(self):
+        self.assertFormatRangeQueryEquals(
+            'SELECT d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content, count(c.doc_rev) FROM '
+            'document d, document_fields d0, document_fields d1, '
+            'document_fields d2 LEFT OUTER JOIN conflicts c ON c.doc_id = '
+            'd.doc_id WHERE d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd0.value >= ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd1.value >= ? AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id AND d2.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd2.value NOT NULL AND d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? '
+            'AND d0.value <= ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? '
+            'AND (d1.value < ? OR d1.value GLOB ?) AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id '
+            'AND d2.field_name = ? AND d2.value NOT NULL GROUP BY d.doc_id, '
+            'd.doc_rev, d.content ORDER BY d0.value, d1.value, d2.value;',
+            ['key1', 'a', 'key2', 'b', 'key3', 'key1', 'p', 'key2', 'q', 'q*',
+             'key3'],
+            ["key1", "key2", "key3"], ["a", "b*", "*"], ["p", "q*", "*"])
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_sync.py b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_sync.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96aa2736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/test_sync.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1242 @@
+# Copyright 2011-2012 Canonical Ltd.
+#
+# This file is part of u1db.
+#
+# u1db is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# u1db is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with u1db.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""The Synchronization class for U1DB."""
+
+import os
+from wsgiref import simple_server
+
+from u1db import (
+    errors,
+    sync,
+    vectorclock,
+    SyncTarget,
+)
+
+from leap.soledad.tests import u1db_tests as tests
+
+from u1db.backends import (
+    inmemory,
+)
+from u1db.remote import (
+    http_target,
+)
+
+from leap.soledad.tests.u1db_tests.test_remote_sync_target import (
+    make_http_app,
+    make_oauth_http_app,
+)
+
+simple_doc = tests.simple_doc
+nested_doc = tests.nested_doc
+
+
+def _make_local_db_and_target(test):
+    db = test.create_database('test')
+    st = db.get_sync_target()
+    return db, st
+
+
+def _make_local_db_and_http_target(test, path='test'):
+    test.startServer()
+    db = test.request_state._create_database(os.path.basename(path))
+    st = http_target.HTTPSyncTarget.connect(test.getURL(path))
+    return db, st
+
+
+def _make_local_db_and_oauth_http_target(test):
+    db, st = _make_local_db_and_http_target(test, '~/test')
+    st.set_oauth_credentials(tests.consumer1.key, tests.consumer1.secret,
+                             tests.token1.key, tests.token1.secret)
+    return db, st
+
+
+target_scenarios = [
+    ('local', {'create_db_and_target': _make_local_db_and_target}),
+    ('http', {'create_db_and_target': _make_local_db_and_http_target,
+              'make_app_with_state': make_http_app}),
+    ('oauth_http', {'create_db_and_target':
+                    _make_local_db_and_oauth_http_target,
+                    'make_app_with_state': make_oauth_http_app}),
+]
+
+
+class DatabaseSyncTargetTests(tests.DatabaseBaseTests,
+                              tests.TestCaseWithServer):
+
+    scenarios = (tests.multiply_scenarios(tests.DatabaseBaseTests.scenarios,
+                                          target_scenarios))
+                 #+ c_db_scenarios)
+    # whitebox true means self.db is the actual local db object
+    # against which the sync is performed
+    whitebox = True
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(DatabaseSyncTargetTests, self).setUp()
+        self.db, self.st = self.create_db_and_target(self)
+        self.other_changes = []
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        # We delete them explicitly, so that connections are cleanly closed
+        del self.st
+        self.db.close()
+        del self.db
+        super(DatabaseSyncTargetTests, self).tearDown()
+
+    def receive_doc(self, doc, gen, trans_id):
+        self.other_changes.append(
+            (doc.doc_id, doc.rev, doc.get_json(), gen, trans_id))
+
+    def set_trace_hook(self, callback, shallow=False):
+        setter = (self.st._set_trace_hook if not shallow else
+                  self.st._set_trace_hook_shallow)
+        try:
+            setter(callback)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.skipTest("%s does not implement _set_trace_hook"
+                          % (self.st.__class__.__name__,))
+
+    def test_get_sync_target(self):
+        self.assertIsNot(None, self.st)
+
+    def test_get_sync_info(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ('test', 0, '', 0, ''), self.st.get_sync_info('other'))
+
+    def test_create_doc_updates_sync_info(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ('test', 0, '', 0, ''), self.st.get_sync_info('other'))
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.st.get_sync_info('other')[1])
+
+    def test_record_sync_info(self):
+        self.st.record_sync_info('replica', 10, 'T-transid')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ('test', 0, '', 10, 'T-transid'), self.st.get_sync_info('replica'))
+
+    def test_sync_exchange(self):
+        docs_by_gen = [
+            (self.make_document('doc-id', 'replica:1', simple_doc), 10,
+             'T-sid')]
+        new_gen, trans_id = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            docs_by_gen, 'replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'doc-id', 'replica:1', simple_doc, False)
+        self.assertTransactionLog(['doc-id'], self.db)
+        last_trans_id = self.getLastTransId(self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(([], 1, last_trans_id),
+                         (self.other_changes, new_gen, last_trans_id))
+        self.assertEqual(10, self.st.get_sync_info('replica')[3])
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_deleted(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{}')
+        edit_rev = 'replica:1|' + doc.rev
+        docs_by_gen = [
+            (self.make_document(doc.doc_id, edit_rev, None), 10, 'T-sid')]
+        new_gen, trans_id = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            docs_by_gen, 'replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db, doc.doc_id, edit_rev, None, False)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id, doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        last_trans_id = self.getLastTransId(self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(([], 2, last_trans_id),
+                         (self.other_changes, new_gen, trans_id))
+        self.assertEqual(10, self.st.get_sync_info('replica')[3])
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_push_many(self):
+        docs_by_gen = [
+            (self.make_document('doc-id', 'replica:1', simple_doc), 10, 'T-1'),
+            (self.make_document('doc-id2', 'replica:1', nested_doc), 11,
+             'T-2')]
+        new_gen, trans_id = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            docs_by_gen, 'replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'doc-id', 'replica:1', simple_doc, False)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'doc-id2', 'replica:1', nested_doc, False)
+        self.assertTransactionLog(['doc-id', 'doc-id2'], self.db)
+        last_trans_id = self.getLastTransId(self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(([], 2, last_trans_id),
+                         (self.other_changes, new_gen, trans_id))
+        self.assertEqual(11, self.st.get_sync_info('replica')[3])
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_refuses_conflicts(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        new_doc = '{"key": "altval"}'
+        docs_by_gen = [
+            (self.make_document(doc.doc_id, 'replica:1', new_doc), 10,
+             'T-sid')]
+        new_gen, _ = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            docs_by_gen, 'replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, 1), self.other_changes[0][:-1])
+        self.assertEqual(1, new_gen)
+        if self.whitebox:
+            self.assertEqual(self.db._last_exchange_log['return'],
+                             {'last_gen': 1, 'docs': [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev)]})
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_ignores_convergence(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        gen, txid = self.db._get_generation_info()
+        docs_by_gen = [
+            (self.make_document(doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc), 10, 'T-sid')]
+        new_gen, _ = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            docs_by_gen, 'replica', last_known_generation=gen,
+            last_known_trans_id=txid, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(([], 1), (self.other_changes, new_gen))
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_returns_new_docs(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        new_gen, _ = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            [], 'other-replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, 1), self.other_changes[0][:-1])
+        self.assertEqual(1, new_gen)
+        if self.whitebox:
+            self.assertEqual(self.db._last_exchange_log['return'],
+                             {'last_gen': 1, 'docs': [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev)]})
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_returns_deleted_docs(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id, doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        new_gen, _ = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            [], 'other-replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id, doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (doc.doc_id, doc.rev, None, 2), self.other_changes[0][:-1])
+        self.assertEqual(2, new_gen)
+        if self.whitebox:
+            self.assertEqual(self.db._last_exchange_log['return'],
+                             {'last_gen': 2, 'docs': [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev)]})
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_returns_many_new_docs(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id, doc2.doc_id], self.db)
+        new_gen, _ = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            [], 'other-replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id, doc2.doc_id], self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(2, new_gen)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, 1),
+             (doc2.doc_id, doc2.rev, nested_doc, 2)],
+            [c[:-1] for c in self.other_changes])
+        if self.whitebox:
+            self.assertEqual(
+                self.db._last_exchange_log['return'],
+                {'last_gen': 2, 'docs':
+                 [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev), (doc2.doc_id, doc2.rev)]})
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_getting_newer_docs(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        new_doc = '{"key": "altval"}'
+        docs_by_gen = [
+            (self.make_document(doc.doc_id, 'test:1|z:2', new_doc), 10,
+             'T-sid')]
+        new_gen, _ = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            docs_by_gen, 'other-replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id, doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(([], 2), (self.other_changes, new_gen))
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_with_concurrent_updates_of_synced_doc(self):
+        expected = []
+
+        def before_whatschanged_cb(state):
+            if state != 'before whats_changed':
+                return
+            cont = '{"key": "cuncurrent"}'
+            conc_rev = self.db.put_doc(
+                self.make_document(doc.doc_id, 'test:1|z:2', cont))
+            expected.append((doc.doc_id, conc_rev, cont, 3))
+
+        self.set_trace_hook(before_whatschanged_cb)
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        new_doc = '{"key": "altval"}'
+        docs_by_gen = [
+            (self.make_document(doc.doc_id, 'test:1|z:2', new_doc), 10,
+             'T-sid')]
+        new_gen, _ = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            docs_by_gen, 'other-replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertEqual(expected, [c[:-1] for c in self.other_changes])
+        self.assertEqual(3, new_gen)
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_with_concurrent_updates(self):
+
+        def after_whatschanged_cb(state):
+            if state != 'after whats_changed':
+                return
+            self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"new": "doc"}')
+
+        self.set_trace_hook(after_whatschanged_cb)
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        new_doc = '{"key": "altval"}'
+        docs_by_gen = [
+            (self.make_document(doc.doc_id, 'test:1|z:2', new_doc), 10,
+             'T-sid')]
+        new_gen, _ = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            docs_by_gen, 'other-replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertEqual(([], 2), (self.other_changes, new_gen))
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_converged_handling(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        docs_by_gen = [
+            (self.make_document('new', 'other:1', '{}'), 4, 'T-foo'),
+            (self.make_document(doc.doc_id, doc.rev, doc.get_json()), 5,
+             'T-bar')]
+        new_gen, _ = self.st.sync_exchange(
+            docs_by_gen, 'other-replica', last_known_generation=0,
+            last_known_trans_id=None, return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertEqual(([], 2), (self.other_changes, new_gen))
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_detect_incomplete_exchange(self):
+        def before_get_docs_explode(state):
+            if state != 'before get_docs':
+                return
+            raise errors.U1DBError("fail")
+        self.set_trace_hook(before_get_docs_explode)
+        # suppress traceback printing in the wsgiref server
+        self.patch(simple_server.ServerHandler,
+                   'log_exception', lambda h, exc_info: None)
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        self.assertRaises(
+            (errors.U1DBError, errors.BrokenSyncStream),
+            self.st.sync_exchange, [], 'other-replica',
+            last_known_generation=0, last_known_trans_id=None,
+            return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+
+    def test_sync_exchange_doc_ids(self):
+        sync_exchange_doc_ids = getattr(self.st, 'sync_exchange_doc_ids', None)
+        if sync_exchange_doc_ids is None:
+            self.skipTest("sync_exchange_doc_ids not implemented")
+        db2 = self.create_database('test2')
+        doc = db2.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        new_gen, trans_id = sync_exchange_doc_ids(
+            db2, [(doc.doc_id, 10, 'T-sid')], 0, None,
+            return_doc_cb=self.receive_doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc.doc_id], self.db)
+        last_trans_id = self.getLastTransId(self.db)
+        self.assertEqual(([], 1, last_trans_id),
+                         (self.other_changes, new_gen, trans_id))
+        self.assertEqual(10, self.st.get_sync_info(db2._replica_uid)[3])
+
+    def test__set_trace_hook(self):
+        called = []
+
+        def cb(state):
+            called.append(state)
+
+        self.set_trace_hook(cb)
+        self.st.sync_exchange([], 'replica', 0, None, self.receive_doc)
+        self.st.record_sync_info('replica', 0, 'T-sid')
+        self.assertEqual(['before whats_changed',
+                          'after whats_changed',
+                          'before get_docs',
+                          'record_sync_info',
+                          ],
+                         called)
+
+    def test__set_trace_hook_shallow(self):
+        if (self.st._set_trace_hook_shallow == self.st._set_trace_hook
+            or
+            self.st._set_trace_hook_shallow.im_func ==
+                SyncTarget._set_trace_hook_shallow.im_func):
+            # shallow same as full
+            expected = ['before whats_changed',
+                        'after whats_changed',
+                        'before get_docs',
+                        'record_sync_info',
+                        ]
+        else:
+            expected = ['sync_exchange', 'record_sync_info']
+
+        called = []
+
+        def cb(state):
+            called.append(state)
+
+        self.set_trace_hook(cb, shallow=True)
+        self.st.sync_exchange([], 'replica', 0, None, self.receive_doc)
+        self.st.record_sync_info('replica', 0, 'T-sid')
+        self.assertEqual(expected, called)
+
+
+def sync_via_synchronizer(test, db_source, db_target, trace_hook=None,
+                          trace_hook_shallow=None):
+    target = db_target.get_sync_target()
+    trace_hook = trace_hook or trace_hook_shallow
+    if trace_hook:
+        target._set_trace_hook(trace_hook)
+    return sync.Synchronizer(db_source, target).sync()
+
+
+sync_scenarios = []
+for name, scenario in tests.LOCAL_DATABASES_SCENARIOS:
+    scenario = dict(scenario)
+    scenario['do_sync'] = sync_via_synchronizer
+    sync_scenarios.append((name, scenario))
+    scenario = dict(scenario)
+
+
+def make_database_for_http_test(test, replica_uid):
+    if test.server is None:
+        test.startServer()
+    db = test.request_state._create_database(replica_uid)
+    try:
+        http_at = test._http_at
+    except AttributeError:
+        http_at = test._http_at = {}
+    http_at[db] = replica_uid
+    return db
+
+
+def copy_database_for_http_test(test, db):
+    # DO NOT COPY OR REUSE THIS CODE OUTSIDE TESTS: COPYING U1DB DATABASES IS
+    # THE WRONG THING TO DO, THE ONLY REASON WE DO SO HERE IS TO TEST THAT WE
+    # CORRECTLY DETECT IT HAPPENING SO THAT WE CAN RAISE ERRORS RATHER THAN
+    # CORRUPT USER DATA. USE SYNC INSTEAD, OR WE WILL SEND NINJA TO YOUR HOUSE.
+    if test.server is None:
+        test.startServer()
+    new_db = test.request_state._copy_database(db)
+    try:
+        http_at = test._http_at
+    except AttributeError:
+        http_at = test._http_at = {}
+    path = db._replica_uid
+    while path in http_at.values():
+        path += 'copy'
+    http_at[new_db] = path
+    return new_db
+
+
+def sync_via_synchronizer_and_http(test, db_source, db_target,
+                                   trace_hook=None, trace_hook_shallow=None):
+    if trace_hook:
+        test.skipTest("full trace hook unsupported over http")
+    path = test._http_at[db_target]
+    target = http_target.HTTPSyncTarget.connect(test.getURL(path))
+    if trace_hook_shallow:
+        target._set_trace_hook_shallow(trace_hook_shallow)
+    return sync.Synchronizer(db_source, target).sync()
+
+
+sync_scenarios.append(('pyhttp', {
+    'make_database_for_test': make_database_for_http_test,
+    'copy_database_for_test': copy_database_for_http_test,
+    'make_document_for_test': tests.make_document_for_test,
+    'make_app_with_state': make_http_app,
+    'do_sync': sync_via_synchronizer_and_http
+}))
+
+
+class DatabaseSyncTests(tests.DatabaseBaseTests,
+                        tests.TestCaseWithServer):
+
+    scenarios = sync_scenarios
+    do_sync = None                 # set by scenarios
+
+    def create_database(self, replica_uid, sync_role=None):
+        if replica_uid == 'test' and sync_role is None:
+            # created up the chain by base class but unused
+            return None
+        db = self.create_database_for_role(replica_uid, sync_role)
+        if sync_role:
+            self._use_tracking[db] = (replica_uid, sync_role)
+        return db
+
+    def create_database_for_role(self, replica_uid, sync_role):
+        # hook point for reuse
+        return super(DatabaseSyncTests, self).create_database(replica_uid)
+
+    def copy_database(self, db, sync_role=None):
+        # DO NOT COPY OR REUSE THIS CODE OUTSIDE TESTS: COPYING U1DB DATABASES
+        # IS THE WRONG THING TO DO, THE ONLY REASON WE DO SO HERE IS TO TEST
+        # THAT WE CORRECTLY DETECT IT HAPPENING SO THAT WE CAN RAISE ERRORS
+        # RATHER THAN CORRUPT USER DATA. USE SYNC INSTEAD, OR WE WILL SEND
+        # NINJA TO YOUR HOUSE.
+        db_copy = super(DatabaseSyncTests, self).copy_database(db)
+        name, orig_sync_role = self._use_tracking[db]
+        self._use_tracking[db_copy] = (name + '(copy)', sync_role
+                                       or orig_sync_role)
+        return db_copy
+
+    def sync(self, db_from, db_to, trace_hook=None,
+             trace_hook_shallow=None):
+        from_name, from_sync_role = self._use_tracking[db_from]
+        to_name, to_sync_role = self._use_tracking[db_to]
+        if from_sync_role not in ('source', 'both'):
+            raise Exception("%s marked for %s use but used as source" %
+                            (from_name, from_sync_role))
+        if to_sync_role not in ('target', 'both'):
+            raise Exception("%s marked for %s use but used as target" %
+                            (to_name, to_sync_role))
+        return self.do_sync(self, db_from, db_to, trace_hook,
+                            trace_hook_shallow)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._use_tracking = {}
+        super(DatabaseSyncTests, self).setUp()
+
+    def assertLastExchangeLog(self, db, expected):
+        log = getattr(db, '_last_exchange_log', None)
+        if log is None:
+            return
+        self.assertEqual(expected, log)
+
+    def test_sync_tracks_db_generation_of_other(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        self.assertEqual(0, self.sync(self.db1, self.db2))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (0, ''), self.db1._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('test2'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (0, ''), self.db2._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('test1'))
+        self.assertLastExchangeLog(self.db2,
+                                   {'receive':
+                                       {'docs': [], 'last_known_gen': 0},
+                                    'return':
+                                       {'docs': [], 'last_gen': 0}})
+
+    def test_sync_autoresolves(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        doc1 = self.db1.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='doc')
+        rev1 = doc1.rev
+        doc2 = self.db2.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='doc')
+        rev2 = doc2.rev
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        doc = self.db1.get_doc('doc')
+        self.assertFalse(doc.has_conflicts)
+        self.assertEqual(doc.rev, self.db2.get_doc('doc').rev)
+        v = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc.rev)
+        self.assertTrue(v.is_newer(vectorclock.VectorClockRev(rev1)))
+        self.assertTrue(v.is_newer(vectorclock.VectorClockRev(rev2)))
+
+    def test_sync_autoresolves_moar(self):
+        # here we test that when a database that has a conflicted document is
+        # the source of a sync, and the target database has a revision of the
+        # conflicted document that is newer than the source database's, and
+        # that target's database's document's content is the same as the
+        # source's document's conflict's, the source's document's conflict gets
+        # autoresolved, and the source's document's revision bumped.
+        #
+        # idea is as follows:
+        # A          B
+        # a1         -
+        #   `------->
+        # a1         a1
+        # v          v
+        # a2         a1b1
+        #   `------->
+        # a1b1+a2    a1b1
+        #            v
+        # a1b1+a2    a1b2 (a1b2 has same content as a2)
+        #   `------->
+        # a3b2       a1b2 (autoresolved)
+        #   `------->
+        # a3b2       a3b2
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='doc')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        for db, content in [(self.db1, '{}'), (self.db2, '{"hi": 42}')]:
+            doc = db.get_doc('doc')
+            doc.set_json(content)
+            db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        # db1 and db2 now both have a doc of {hi:42}, but db1 has a conflict
+        doc = self.db1.get_doc('doc')
+        rev1 = doc.rev
+        self.assertTrue(doc.has_conflicts)
+        # set db2 to have a doc of {} (same as db1 before the conflict)
+        doc = self.db2.get_doc('doc')
+        doc.set_json('{}')
+        self.db2.put_doc(doc)
+        rev2 = doc.rev
+        # sync it across
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        # tadaa!
+        doc = self.db1.get_doc('doc')
+        self.assertFalse(doc.has_conflicts)
+        vec1 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(rev1)
+        vec2 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(rev2)
+        vec3 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc.rev)
+        self.assertTrue(vec3.is_newer(vec1))
+        self.assertTrue(vec3.is_newer(vec2))
+        # because the conflict is on the source, sync it another time
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        # make sure db2 now has the exact same thing
+        self.assertEqual(self.db1.get_doc('doc'), self.db2.get_doc('doc'))
+
+    def test_sync_autoresolves_moar_backwards(self):
+        # here we test that when a database that has a conflicted document is
+        # the target of a sync, and the source database has a revision of the
+        # conflicted document that is newer than the target database's, and
+        # that source's database's document's content is the same as the
+        # target's document's conflict's, the target's document's conflict gets
+        # autoresolved, and the document's revision bumped.
+        #
+        # idea is as follows:
+        # A          B
+        # a1         -
+        #   `------->
+        # a1         a1
+        # v          v
+        # a2         a1b1
+        #   `------->
+        # a1b1+a2    a1b1
+        #            v
+        # a1b1+a2    a1b2 (a1b2 has same content as a2)
+        #   <-------'
+        # a3b2       a3b2 (autoresolved and propagated)
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'both')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'both')
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='doc')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        for db, content in [(self.db1, '{}'), (self.db2, '{"hi": 42}')]:
+            doc = db.get_doc('doc')
+            doc.set_json(content)
+            db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        # db1 and db2 now both have a doc of {hi:42}, but db1 has a conflict
+        doc = self.db1.get_doc('doc')
+        rev1 = doc.rev
+        self.assertTrue(doc.has_conflicts)
+        revc = self.db1.get_doc_conflicts('doc')[-1].rev
+        # set db2 to have a doc of {} (same as db1 before the conflict)
+        doc = self.db2.get_doc('doc')
+        doc.set_json('{}')
+        self.db2.put_doc(doc)
+        rev2 = doc.rev
+        # sync it across
+        self.sync(self.db2, self.db1)
+        # tadaa!
+        doc = self.db1.get_doc('doc')
+        self.assertFalse(doc.has_conflicts)
+        vec1 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(rev1)
+        vec2 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(rev2)
+        vec3 = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc.rev)
+        vecc = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(revc)
+        self.assertTrue(vec3.is_newer(vec1))
+        self.assertTrue(vec3.is_newer(vec2))
+        self.assertTrue(vec3.is_newer(vecc))
+        # make sure db2 now has the exact same thing
+        self.assertEqual(self.db1.get_doc('doc'), self.db2.get_doc('doc'))
+
+    def test_sync_autoresolves_moar_backwards_three(self):
+        # same as autoresolves_moar_backwards, but with three databases (note
+        # all the syncs go in the same direction -- this is a more natural
+        # scenario):
+        #
+        # A          B          C
+        # a1         -          -
+        #   `------->
+        # a1         a1         -
+        #              `------->
+        # a1         a1         a1
+        # v          v
+        # a2         a1b1       a1
+        #  `------------------->
+        # a2         a1b1       a2
+        #              `------->
+        #            a2+a1b1    a2
+        #                       v
+        # a2         a2+a1b1    a2c1 (same as a1b1)
+        #  `------------------->
+        # a2c1       a2+a1b1    a2c1
+        #   `------->
+        # a2b2c1     a2b2c1     a2c1
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'both')
+        self.db3 = self.create_database('test3', 'target')
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='doc')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        self.sync(self.db2, self.db3)
+        for db, content in [(self.db2, '{"hi": 42}'),
+                            (self.db1, '{}'),
+                            ]:
+            doc = db.get_doc('doc')
+            doc.set_json(content)
+            db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db3)
+        self.sync(self.db2, self.db3)
+        # db2 and db3 now both have a doc of {}, but db2 has a
+        # conflict
+        doc = self.db2.get_doc('doc')
+        self.assertTrue(doc.has_conflicts)
+        revc = self.db2.get_doc_conflicts('doc')[-1].rev
+        self.assertEqual('{}', doc.get_json())
+        self.assertEqual(self.db3.get_doc('doc').get_json(), doc.get_json())
+        self.assertEqual(self.db3.get_doc('doc').rev, doc.rev)
+        # set db3 to have a doc of {hi:42} (same as db2 before the conflict)
+        doc = self.db3.get_doc('doc')
+        doc.set_json('{"hi": 42}')
+        self.db3.put_doc(doc)
+        rev3 = doc.rev
+        # sync it across to db1
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db3)
+        # db1 now has hi:42, with a rev that is newer than db2's doc
+        doc = self.db1.get_doc('doc')
+        rev1 = doc.rev
+        self.assertFalse(doc.has_conflicts)
+        self.assertEqual('{"hi": 42}', doc.get_json())
+        VCR = vectorclock.VectorClockRev
+        self.assertTrue(VCR(rev1).is_newer(VCR(self.db2.get_doc('doc').rev)))
+        # so sync it to db2
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        # tadaa!
+        doc = self.db2.get_doc('doc')
+        self.assertFalse(doc.has_conflicts)
+        # db2's revision of the document is strictly newer than db1's before
+        # the sync, and db3's before that sync way back when
+        self.assertTrue(VCR(doc.rev).is_newer(VCR(rev1)))
+        self.assertTrue(VCR(doc.rev).is_newer(VCR(rev3)))
+        self.assertTrue(VCR(doc.rev).is_newer(VCR(revc)))
+        # make sure both dbs now have the exact same thing
+        self.assertEqual(self.db1.get_doc('doc'), self.db2.get_doc('doc'))
+
+    def test_sync_puts_changes(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        doc = self.db1.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.sync(self.db1, self.db2))
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db2, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.db1._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('test2')[0])
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.db2._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('test1')[0])
+        self.assertLastExchangeLog(self.db2,
+                                   {'receive':
+                                       {'docs': [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev)],
+                                        'source_uid': 'test1',
+                                        'source_gen': 1,
+                                        'last_known_gen': 0},
+                                    'return': {'docs': [], 'last_gen': 1}})
+
+    def test_sync_pulls_changes(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        doc = self.db2.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db1.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.assertEqual(0, self.sync(self.db1, self.db2))
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db1, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.db1._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('test2')[0])
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.db2._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('test1')[0])
+        self.assertLastExchangeLog(self.db2,
+                                   {'receive':
+                                       {'docs': [], 'last_known_gen': 0},
+                                    'return':
+                                       {'docs': [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev)],
+                                    'last_gen': 1}})
+        self.assertEqual([doc], self.db1.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value'))
+
+    def test_sync_pulling_doesnt_update_other_if_changed(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        doc = self.db2.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        # After the local side has sent its list of docs, before we start
+        # receiving the "targets" response, we update the local database with a
+        # new record.
+        # When we finish synchronizing, we can notice that something locally
+        # was updated, and we cannot tell c2 our new updated generation
+
+        def before_get_docs(state):
+            if state != 'before get_docs':
+                return
+            self.db1.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+
+        self.assertEqual(0, self.sync(self.db1, self.db2,
+                                      trace_hook=before_get_docs))
+        self.assertLastExchangeLog(self.db2,
+                                   {'receive':
+                                       {'docs': [], 'last_known_gen': 0},
+                                    'return':
+                                       {'docs': [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev)],
+                                    'last_gen': 1}})
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.db1._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('test2')[0])
+        # c2 should not have gotten a '_record_sync_info' call, because the
+        # local database had been updated more than just by the messages
+        # returned from c2.
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (0, ''), self.db2._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('test1'))
+
+    def test_sync_doesnt_update_other_if_nothing_pulled(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+
+        def no_record_sync_info(state):
+            if state != 'record_sync_info':
+                return
+            self.fail('SyncTarget.record_sync_info was called')
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.sync(self.db1, self.db2,
+                                      trace_hook_shallow=no_record_sync_info))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            1,
+            self.db2._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(self.db1._replica_uid)[0])
+
+    def test_sync_ignores_convergence(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'both')
+        doc = self.db1.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db3 = self.create_database('test3', 'target')
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.sync(self.db1, self.db3))
+        self.assertEqual(0, self.sync(self.db2, self.db3))
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.sync(self.db1, self.db2))
+        self.assertLastExchangeLog(self.db2,
+                                   {'receive':
+                                       {'docs': [(doc.doc_id, doc.rev)],
+                                    'source_uid': 'test1',
+                                    'source_gen': 1, 'last_known_gen': 0},
+                                    'return': {'docs': [], 'last_gen': 1}})
+
+    def test_sync_ignores_superseded(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'both')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'both')
+        doc = self.db1.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc_rev1 = doc.rev
+        self.db3 = self.create_database('test3', 'target')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db3)
+        self.sync(self.db2, self.db3)
+        new_content = '{"key": "altval"}'
+        doc.set_json(new_content)
+        self.db1.put_doc(doc)
+        doc_rev2 = doc.rev
+        self.sync(self.db2, self.db1)
+        self.assertLastExchangeLog(self.db1,
+                                   {'receive':
+                                       {'docs': [(doc.doc_id, doc_rev1)],
+                                    'source_uid': 'test2',
+                                    'source_gen': 1, 'last_known_gen': 0},
+                                    'return':
+                                       {'docs': [(doc.doc_id, doc_rev2)],
+                                    'last_gen': 2}})
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db1, doc.doc_id, doc_rev2, new_content, False)
+
+    def test_sync_sees_remote_conflicted(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        doc1 = self.db1.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc_id = doc1.doc_id
+        doc1_rev = doc1.rev
+        self.db1.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        new_doc = '{"key": "altval"}'
+        doc2 = self.db2.create_doc_from_json(new_doc, doc_id=doc_id)
+        doc2_rev = doc2.rev
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc1.doc_id], self.db1)
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        self.assertLastExchangeLog(self.db2,
+                                   {'receive':
+                                       {'docs': [(doc_id, doc1_rev)],
+                                    'source_uid': 'test1',
+                                    'source_gen': 1, 'last_known_gen': 0},
+                                    'return':
+                                       {'docs': [(doc_id, doc2_rev)],
+                                    'last_gen': 1}})
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc_id, doc_id], self.db1)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db1, doc_id, doc2_rev, new_doc, True)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db2, doc_id, doc2_rev, new_doc, False)
+        from_idx = self.db1.get_from_index('test-idx', 'altval')[0]
+        self.assertEqual(doc2.doc_id, from_idx.doc_id)
+        self.assertEqual(doc2.rev, from_idx.rev)
+        self.assertTrue(from_idx.has_conflicts)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db1.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value'))
+
+    def test_sync_sees_remote_delete_conflicted(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        doc1 = self.db1.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc_id = doc1.doc_id
+        self.db1.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev, doc1.get_json())
+        new_doc = '{"key": "altval"}'
+        doc1.set_json(new_doc)
+        self.db1.put_doc(doc1)
+        self.db2.delete_doc(doc2)
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc_id, doc_id], self.db1)
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        self.assertLastExchangeLog(self.db2,
+                                   {'receive':
+                                       {'docs': [(doc_id, doc1.rev)],
+                                    'source_uid': 'test1',
+                                    'source_gen': 2, 'last_known_gen': 1},
+                                    'return': {'docs': [(doc_id, doc2.rev)],
+                                    'last_gen': 2}})
+        self.assertTransactionLog([doc_id, doc_id, doc_id], self.db1)
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(self.db1, doc_id, doc2.rev, None, True)
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db2, doc_id, doc2.rev, None, False)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db1.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value'))
+
+    def test_sync_local_race_conflicted(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        doc = self.db1.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc_id = doc.doc_id
+        doc1_rev = doc.rev
+        self.db1.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        content1 = '{"key": "localval"}'
+        content2 = '{"key": "altval"}'
+        doc.set_json(content2)
+        self.db2.put_doc(doc)
+        doc2_rev2 = doc.rev
+        triggered = []
+
+        def after_whatschanged(state):
+            if state != 'after whats_changed':
+                return
+            triggered.append(True)
+            doc = self.make_document(doc_id, doc1_rev, content1)
+            self.db1.put_doc(doc)
+
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2, trace_hook=after_whatschanged)
+        self.assertEqual([True], triggered)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db1, doc_id, doc2_rev2, content2, True)
+        from_idx = self.db1.get_from_index('test-idx', 'altval')[0]
+        self.assertEqual(doc.doc_id, from_idx.doc_id)
+        self.assertEqual(doc.rev, from_idx.rev)
+        self.assertTrue(from_idx.has_conflicts)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db1.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value'))
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db1.get_from_index('test-idx', 'localval'))
+
+    def test_sync_propagates_deletes(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'both')
+        doc1 = self.db1.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc_id = doc1.doc_id
+        self.db1.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        self.db2.create_index('test-idx', 'key')
+        self.db3 = self.create_database('test3', 'target')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db3)
+        self.db1.delete_doc(doc1)
+        deleted_rev = doc1.rev
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        self.assertLastExchangeLog(self.db2,
+                                   {'receive':
+                                       {'docs': [(doc_id, deleted_rev)],
+                                    'source_uid': 'test1',
+                                    'source_gen': 2, 'last_known_gen': 1},
+                                    'return': {'docs': [], 'last_gen': 2}})
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db1, doc_id, deleted_rev, None, False)
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db2, doc_id, deleted_rev, None, False)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db1.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value'))
+        self.assertEqual([], self.db2.get_from_index('test-idx', 'value'))
+        self.sync(self.db2, self.db3)
+        self.assertLastExchangeLog(self.db3,
+                                   {'receive':
+                                       {'docs': [(doc_id, deleted_rev)],
+                                        'source_uid': 'test2',
+                                        'source_gen': 2,
+                                        'last_known_gen': 0},
+                                    'return':
+                                       {'docs': [], 'last_gen': 2}})
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db3, doc_id, deleted_rev, None, False)
+
+    def test_sync_propagates_resolution(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'both')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'both')
+        doc1 = self.db1.create_doc_from_json('{"a": 1}', doc_id='the-doc')
+        db3 = self.create_database('test3', 'both')
+        self.sync(self.db2, self.db1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.db1._get_generation_info(),
+            self.db2._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(self.db1._replica_uid))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.db2._get_generation_info(),
+            self.db1._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(self.db2._replica_uid))
+        self.sync(db3, self.db1)
+        # update on 2
+        doc2 = self.make_document('the-doc', doc1.rev, '{"a": 2}')
+        self.db2.put_doc(doc2)
+        self.sync(self.db2, db3)
+        self.assertEqual(db3.get_doc('the-doc').rev, doc2.rev)
+        # update on 1
+        doc1.set_json('{"a": 3}')
+        self.db1.put_doc(doc1)
+        # conflicts
+        self.sync(self.db2, self.db1)
+        self.sync(db3, self.db1)
+        self.assertTrue(self.db2.get_doc('the-doc').has_conflicts)
+        self.assertTrue(db3.get_doc('the-doc').has_conflicts)
+        # resolve
+        conflicts = self.db2.get_doc_conflicts('the-doc')
+        doc4 = self.make_document('the-doc', None, '{"a": 4}')
+        revs = [doc.rev for doc in conflicts]
+        self.db2.resolve_doc(doc4, revs)
+        doc2 = self.db2.get_doc('the-doc')
+        self.assertEqual(doc4.get_json(), doc2.get_json())
+        self.assertFalse(doc2.has_conflicts)
+        self.sync(self.db2, db3)
+        doc3 = db3.get_doc('the-doc')
+        self.assertEqual(doc4.get_json(), doc3.get_json())
+        self.assertFalse(doc3.has_conflicts)
+
+    def test_sync_supersedes_conflicts(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'both')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        db3 = self.create_database('test3', 'both')
+        doc1 = self.db1.create_doc_from_json('{"a": 1}', doc_id='the-doc')
+        self.db2.create_doc_from_json('{"b": 1}', doc_id='the-doc')
+        db3.create_doc_from_json('{"c": 1}', doc_id='the-doc')
+        self.sync(db3, self.db1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.db1._get_generation_info(),
+            db3._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(self.db1._replica_uid))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            db3._get_generation_info(),
+            self.db1._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(db3._replica_uid))
+        self.sync(db3, self.db2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.db2._get_generation_info(),
+            db3._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(self.db2._replica_uid))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            db3._get_generation_info(),
+            self.db2._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(db3._replica_uid))
+        self.assertEqual(3, len(db3.get_doc_conflicts('the-doc')))
+        doc1.set_json('{"a": 2}')
+        self.db1.put_doc(doc1)
+        self.sync(db3, self.db1)
+        # original doc1 should have been removed from conflicts
+        self.assertEqual(3, len(db3.get_doc_conflicts('the-doc')))
+
+    def test_sync_stops_after_get_sync_info(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc)
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+
+        def put_hook(state):
+            self.fail("Tracehook triggered for %s" % (state,))
+
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2, trace_hook_shallow=put_hook)
+
+    def test_sync_detects_rollback_in_source(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc1')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        db1_copy = self.copy_database(self.db1)
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc2')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidGeneration, self.sync, db1_copy, self.db2)
+
+    def test_sync_detects_rollback_in_target(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id="divergent")
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        db2_copy = self.copy_database(self.db2)
+        self.db2.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc2')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidGeneration, self.sync, self.db1, db2_copy)
+
+    def test_sync_detects_diverged_source(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        db3 = self.copy_database(self.db1)
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id="divergent")
+        db3.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id="divergent")
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidTransactionId, self.sync, db3, self.db2)
+
+    def test_sync_detects_diverged_target(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        db3 = self.copy_database(self.db2)
+        db3.create_doc_from_json(tests.nested_doc, doc_id="divergent")
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id="divergent")
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidTransactionId, self.sync, self.db1, db3)
+
+    def test_sync_detects_rollback_and_divergence_in_source(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc1')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        db1_copy = self.copy_database(self.db1)
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc2')
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc3')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        db1_copy.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc2')
+        db1_copy.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc3')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidTransactionId, self.sync, db1_copy, self.db2)
+
+    def test_sync_detects_rollback_and_divergence_in_target(self):
+        self.db1 = self.create_database('test1', 'source')
+        self.db2 = self.create_database('test2', 'target')
+        self.db1.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id="divergent")
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        db2_copy = self.copy_database(self.db2)
+        self.db2.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc2')
+        self.db2.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc3')
+        self.sync(self.db1, self.db2)
+        db2_copy.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc2')
+        db2_copy.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc, doc_id='doc3')
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.InvalidTransactionId, self.sync, self.db1, db2_copy)
+
+
+class TestDbSync(tests.TestCaseWithServer):
+    """Test db.sync remote sync shortcut"""
+
+    scenarios = [
+        ('py-http', {
+            'make_app_with_state': make_http_app,
+            'make_database_for_test': tests.make_memory_database_for_test,
+        }),
+        ('py-oauth-http', {
+            'make_app_with_state': make_oauth_http_app,
+            'make_database_for_test': tests.make_memory_database_for_test,
+            'oauth': True
+        }),
+    ]
+
+    oauth = False
+
+    def do_sync(self, target_name):
+        if self.oauth:
+            path = '~/' + target_name
+            extra = dict(creds={'oauth': {
+                'consumer_key': tests.consumer1.key,
+                'consumer_secret': tests.consumer1.secret,
+                'token_key': tests.token1.key,
+                'token_secret': tests.token1.secret,
+            }})
+        else:
+            path = target_name
+            extra = {}
+        target_url = self.getURL(path)
+        return self.db.sync(target_url, **extra)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestDbSync, self).setUp()
+        self.startServer()
+        self.db = self.make_database_for_test(self, 'test1')
+        self.db2 = self.request_state._create_database('test2.db')
+
+    def test_db_sync(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db2.create_doc_from_json(tests.nested_doc)
+        local_gen_before_sync = self.do_sync('test2.db')
+        gen, _, changes = self.db.whats_changed(local_gen_before_sync)
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(changes))
+        self.assertEqual(doc2.doc_id, changes[0][0])
+        self.assertEqual(1, gen - local_gen_before_sync)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db2, doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev, tests.simple_doc,
+                          False)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc2.doc_id, doc2.rev, tests.nested_doc,
+                          False)
+
+    def test_db_sync_autocreate(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(tests.simple_doc)
+        local_gen_before_sync = self.do_sync('test3.db')
+        gen, _, changes = self.db.whats_changed(local_gen_before_sync)
+        self.assertEqual(0, gen - local_gen_before_sync)
+        db3 = self.request_state.open_database('test3.db')
+        gen, _, changes = db3.whats_changed()
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(changes))
+        self.assertEqual(doc1.doc_id, changes[0][0])
+        self.assertGetDoc(db3, doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev, tests.simple_doc,
+                          False)
+        t_gen, _ = self.db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('test3.db')
+        s_gen, _ = db3._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('test1')
+        self.assertEqual(1, t_gen)
+        self.assertEqual(1, s_gen)
+
+
+class TestRemoteSyncIntegration(tests.TestCaseWithServer):
+    """Integration tests for the most common sync scenario local -> remote"""
+
+    make_app_with_state = staticmethod(make_http_app)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestRemoteSyncIntegration, self).setUp()
+        self.startServer()
+        self.db1 = inmemory.InMemoryDatabase('test1')
+        self.db2 = self.request_state._create_database('test2')
+
+    def test_sync_tracks_generations_incrementally(self):
+        doc11 = self.db1.create_doc_from_json('{"a": 1}')
+        doc12 = self.db1.create_doc_from_json('{"a": 2}')
+        doc21 = self.db2.create_doc_from_json('{"b": 1}')
+        doc22 = self.db2.create_doc_from_json('{"b": 2}')
+        #sanity
+        self.assertEqual(2, len(self.db1._get_transaction_log()))
+        self.assertEqual(2, len(self.db2._get_transaction_log()))
+        progress1 = []
+        progress2 = []
+        _do_set_replica_gen_and_trans_id = \
+            self.db1._do_set_replica_gen_and_trans_id
+
+        def set_sync_generation_witness1(other_uid, other_gen, trans_id):
+            progress1.append((other_uid, other_gen,
+                              [d for d, t in
+                                  self.db1._get_transaction_log()[2:]]))
+            _do_set_replica_gen_and_trans_id(other_uid, other_gen, trans_id)
+        self.patch(self.db1, '_do_set_replica_gen_and_trans_id',
+                   set_sync_generation_witness1)
+        _do_set_replica_gen_and_trans_id2 = \
+            self.db2._do_set_replica_gen_and_trans_id
+
+        def set_sync_generation_witness2(other_uid, other_gen, trans_id):
+            progress2.append((other_uid, other_gen,
+                              [d for d, t in
+                                  self.db2._get_transaction_log()[2:]]))
+            _do_set_replica_gen_and_trans_id2(other_uid, other_gen, trans_id)
+        self.patch(self.db2, '_do_set_replica_gen_and_trans_id',
+                   set_sync_generation_witness2)
+
+        db2_url = self.getURL('test2')
+        self.db1.sync(db2_url)
+
+        self.assertEqual([('test2', 1, [doc21.doc_id]),
+                          ('test2', 2, [doc21.doc_id, doc22.doc_id]),
+                          ('test2', 4, [doc21.doc_id, doc22.doc_id])],
+                         progress1)
+        self.assertEqual([('test1', 1, [doc11.doc_id]),
+                          ('test1', 2, [doc11.doc_id, doc12.doc_id]),
+                          ('test1', 4, [doc11.doc_id, doc12.doc_id])],
+                         progress2)
+
+
+load_tests = tests.load_with_scenarios
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/testing-certs/Makefile b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/testing-certs/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2385e75b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/testing-certs/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+CATOP=./demoCA
+ORIG_CONF=/usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf
+ELEVEN_YEARS=-days 4015
+
+init:
+	cp $(ORIG_CONF) ca.conf
+	install -d $(CATOP)
+	install -d $(CATOP)/certs
+	install -d $(CATOP)/crl
+	install -d $(CATOP)/newcerts
+	install -d $(CATOP)/private
+	touch $(CATOP)/index.txt
+	echo 01>$(CATOP)/crlnumber
+	@echo '**** Making CA certificate ...'
+	openssl req -nodes -new \
+	 	-newkey rsa -keyout $(CATOP)/private/cakey.pem \
+		-out $(CATOP)/careq.pem \
+		-multivalue-rdn \
+        -subj "/C=UK/ST=-/O=u1db LOCAL TESTING ONLY, DO NO TRUST/CN=u1db testing CA"
+	openssl ca -config ./ca.conf -create_serial \
+		-out $(CATOP)/cacert.pem $(ELEVEN_YEARS) -batch \
+		-keyfile $(CATOP)/private/cakey.pem -selfsign \
+		-extensions v3_ca -infiles $(CATOP)/careq.pem
+
+pems:
+	cp ./demoCA/cacert.pem .
+	openssl req -new -config ca.conf \
+		-multivalue-rdn \
+	-subj "/O=u1db LOCAL TESTING ONLY, DO NOT TRUST/CN=localhost" \
+		-nodes -keyout testing.key -out newreq.pem $(ELEVEN_YEARS)
+	openssl ca -batch -config ./ca.conf $(ELEVEN_YEARS) \
+		-policy policy_anything \
+		-out testing.cert -infiles newreq.pem
+
+.PHONY: init pems
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/testing-certs/cacert.pem b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/testing-certs/cacert.pem
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c019a730
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/testing-certs/cacert.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+Certificate:
+    Data:
+        Version: 3 (0x2)
+        Serial Number:
+            e4:de:01:76:c4:78:78:7e
+    Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
+        Issuer: C=UK, ST=-, O=u1db LOCAL TESTING ONLY, DO NO TRUST, CN=u1db testing CA
+        Validity
+            Not Before: May  3 11:11:11 2012 GMT
+            Not After : May  1 11:11:11 2023 GMT
+        Subject: C=UK, ST=-, O=u1db LOCAL TESTING ONLY, DO NO TRUST, CN=u1db testing CA
+        Subject Public Key Info:
+            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
+                Public-Key: (1024 bit)
+                Modulus:
+                    00:bc:91:a5:7f:7d:37:f7:06:c7:db:5b:83:6a:6b:
+                    63:c3:8b:5c:f7:84:4d:97:6d:d4:be:bf:e7:79:a8:
+                    c1:03:57:ec:90:d4:20:e7:02:95:d9:a6:49:e3:f9:
+                    9a:ea:37:b9:b2:02:62:ab:40:d3:42:bb:4a:4e:a2:
+                    47:71:0f:1d:a2:c5:94:a1:cf:35:d3:23:32:42:c0:
+                    1e:8d:cb:08:58:fb:8a:5c:3e:ea:eb:d5:2c:ed:d6:
+                    aa:09:b4:b5:7d:e3:45:c9:ae:c2:82:b2:ae:c0:81:
+                    bc:24:06:65:a9:e7:e0:61:ac:25:ee:53:d3:d7:be:
+                    22:f7:00:a2:ad:c6:0e:3a:39
+                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
+        X509v3 extensions:
+            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
+                DB:3D:93:51:6C:32:15:54:8F:10:50:FC:49:4F:36:15:28:BB:95:6D
+            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
+                keyid:DB:3D:93:51:6C:32:15:54:8F:10:50:FC:49:4F:36:15:28:BB:95:6D
+
+            X509v3 Basic Constraints: 
+                CA:TRUE
+    Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
+         72:9b:c1:f7:07:65:83:36:25:4e:01:2f:b7:4a:f2:a4:00:28:
+         80:c7:56:2c:32:39:90:13:61:4b:bb:12:c5:44:9d:42:57:85:
+         28:19:70:69:e1:43:c8:bd:11:f6:94:df:91:2d:c3:ea:82:8d:
+         b4:8f:5d:47:a3:00:99:53:29:93:27:6c:c5:da:c1:20:6f:ab:
+         ec:4a:be:34:f3:8f:02:e5:0c:c0:03:ac:2b:33:41:71:4f:0a:
+         72:5a:b4:26:1a:7f:81:bc:c0:95:8a:06:87:a8:11:9f:5c:73:
+         38:df:5a:69:40:21:29:ad:46:23:56:75:e1:e9:8b:10:18:4c:
+         7b:54
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/testing-certs/testing.cert b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/testing-certs/testing.cert
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..985684fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/testing-certs/testing.cert
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+Certificate:
+    Data:
+        Version: 3 (0x2)
+        Serial Number:
+            e4:de:01:76:c4:78:78:7f
+    Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
+        Issuer: C=UK, ST=-, O=u1db LOCAL TESTING ONLY, DO NO TRUST, CN=u1db testing CA
+        Validity
+            Not Before: May  3 11:11:14 2012 GMT
+            Not After : May  1 11:11:14 2023 GMT
+        Subject: O=u1db LOCAL TESTING ONLY, DO NOT TRUST, CN=localhost
+        Subject Public Key Info:
+            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
+                Public-Key: (1024 bit)
+                Modulus:
+                    00:c6:1d:72:d3:c5:e4:fc:d1:4c:d9:e4:08:3e:90:
+                    10:ce:3f:1f:87:4a:1d:4f:7f:2a:5a:52:c9:65:4f:
+                    d9:2c:bf:69:75:18:1a:b5:c9:09:32:00:47:f5:60:
+                    aa:c6:dd:3a:87:37:5f:16:be:de:29:b5:ea:fc:41:
+                    7e:eb:77:bb:df:63:c3:06:1e:ed:e9:a0:67:1a:f1:
+                    ec:e1:9d:f7:9c:8f:1c:fa:c3:66:7b:39:dc:70:ae:
+                    09:1b:9c:c0:9a:c4:90:77:45:8e:39:95:a9:2f:92:
+                    43:bd:27:07:5a:99:51:6e:76:a0:af:dd:b1:2c:8f:
+                    ca:8b:8c:47:0d:f6:6e:fc:69
+                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
+        X509v3 extensions:
+            X509v3 Basic Constraints: 
+                CA:FALSE
+            Netscape Comment: 
+                OpenSSL Generated Certificate
+            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
+                1C:63:85:E1:1D:F3:89:2E:6C:4E:3F:FB:D0:10:64:5A:C1:22:6A:2A
+            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
+                keyid:DB:3D:93:51:6C:32:15:54:8F:10:50:FC:49:4F:36:15:28:BB:95:6D
+
+    Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
+         1d:6d:3e:bd:93:fd:bd:3e:17:b8:9f:f0:99:7f:db:50:5c:b2:
+         01:42:03:b5:d5:94:05:d3:f6:8e:80:82:55:47:1f:58:f2:18:
+         6c:ab:ef:43:2c:2f:10:e1:7c:c4:5c:cc:ac:50:50:22:42:aa:
+         35:33:f5:b9:f3:a6:66:55:d9:36:f4:f2:e4:d4:d9:b5:2c:52:
+         66:d4:21:17:97:22:b8:9b:d7:0e:7c:3d:ce:85:19:ca:c4:d2:
+         58:62:31:c6:18:3e:44:fc:f4:30:b6:95:87:ee:21:4a:08:f0:
+         af:3c:8f:c4:ba:5e:a1:5c:37:1a:7d:7b:fe:66:ae:62:50:17:
+         31:ca
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/testing-certs/testing.key b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/testing-certs/testing.key
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d83d4920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soledad/src/leap/soledad/tests/u1db_tests/testing-certs/testing.key
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END PRIVATE KEY-----