Merge branch 'feature/u1db-openstack-backend' into develop

14 files changed, 2144 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/leap/soledad/README b/src/leap/soledad/README
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b59d4184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/leap/soledad/README
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Soledad -- Synchronization Of Locally Encrypted Data Among Devices
+==================================================================
+
+This software is under development.
+
+Dependencies
+------------
+
+Soledad depends on the following python libraries:
+
+  * u1db 0.1.4 [1]
+  * python-swiftclient 1.2.0 [2]
+  * python-gnupg 0.3.1 [3]
+  * CouchDB 0.8 [4]
+  * hmac 20101005 [5]
+
+[1] http://pypi.python.org/pypi/u1db/0.1.4
+[2] http://pypi.python.org/pypi/python-swiftclient/1.2.0
+[3] http://pypi.python.org/pypi/python-gnupg/0.3.1
+[4] http://pypi.python.org/pypi/CouchDB/0.8
+[5] http://pypi.python.org/pypi/hmac/20101005
diff --git a/src/leap/soledad/__init__.py b/src/leap/soledad/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a3707ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/leap/soledad/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# License?
+
+"""A U1DB implementation for using Object Stores as its persistence layer."""
+
+import os
+import string
+import random
+import cStringIO
+import hmac
+from soledad.util import GPGWrapper
+
+class Soledad(object):
+
+    PREFIX        = os.environ['HOME']  + '/.config/leap/soledad'
+    SECRET_PATH   = PREFIX + '/secret.gpg'
+    GNUPG_HOME    = PREFIX + '/gnupg'
+    SECRET_LENGTH = 50
+
+    def __init__(self, user_email, gpghome=None):
+        self._user_email = user_email
+        if not os.path.isdir(self.PREFIX):
+            os.makedirs(self.PREFIX)
+        if not gpghome:
+            gpghome = self.GNUPG_HOME
+        self._gpg = GPGWrapper(gpghome=gpghome)
+        # load OpenPGP keypair
+        if not self._has_openpgp_keypair():
+            self._gen_openpgp_keypair()
+        self._load_openpgp_keypair()
+        # load secret
+        if not self._has_secret():
+            self._gen_secret()
+        self._load_secret()
+
+    def _has_secret(self):
+        if os.path.isfile(self.SECRET_PATH):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def _load_secret(self):
+        try:
+            with open(self.SECRET_PATH) as f:
+               self._secret = str(self._gpg.decrypt(f.read()))
+        except IOError as e:
+           raise IOError('Failed to open secret file %s.' % self.SECRET_PATH)
+
+    def _gen_secret(self):
+        self._secret = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits) for x in range(self.SECRET_LENGTH))
+        ciphertext = self._gpg.encrypt(self._secret, self._fingerprint, self._fingerprint)
+        f = open(self.SECRET_PATH, 'w')
+        f.write(str(ciphertext))
+        f.close()
+
+
+    def _has_openpgp_keypair(self):
+        try:
+            self._gpg.find_key(self._user_email)
+            return True
+        except LookupError:
+            return False
+
+    def _gen_openpgp_keypair(self):
+        params = self._gpg.gen_key_input(
+          key_type='RSA',
+          key_length=4096,
+          name_real=self._user_email,
+          name_email=self._user_email,
+          name_comment='Generated by LEAP Soledad.')
+        self._gpg.gen_key(params)
+
+    def _load_openpgp_keypair(self):
+        self._fingerprint = self._gpg.find_key(self._user_email)['fingerprint']
+
+    def encrypt(self, data, sign=None, passphrase=None, symmetric=False):
+        return str(self._gpg.encrypt(data, self._fingerprint, sign=sign,
+                                     passphrase=passphrase, symmetric=symmetric))
+
+    def encrypt_symmetric(self, doc_id, data, sign=None):
+        h = hmac.new(self._secret, doc_id).hexdigest()
+        return self.encrypt(data, sign=sign, passphrase=h, symmetric=True)
+
+    def decrypt(self, data, passphrase=None, symmetric=False):
+        return str(self._gpg.decrypt(data, passphrase=passphrase))
+
+    def decrypt_symmetric(self, doc_id, data):
+        h = hmac.new(self._secret, doc_id).hexdigest()
+        return self.decrypt(data, passphrase=h)
diff --git a/src/leap/soledad/backends/__init__.py b/src/leap/soledad/backends/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/leap/soledad/backends/__init__.py
diff --git a/src/leap/soledad/backends/couch.py b/src/leap/soledad/backends/couch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed356fdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/leap/soledad/backends/couch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+from u1db import errors
+from u1db.remote.http_target import HTTPSyncTarget
+from couchdb.client import Server, Document
+from couchdb.http import ResourceNotFound
+from soledad.backends.objectstore import ObjectStore
+from soledad.backends.leap import LeapDocument
+
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+except ImportError:
+    import json  # noqa
+
+
+class CouchDatabase(ObjectStore):
+    """A U1DB implementation that uses Couch as its persistence layer."""
+
+    def __init__(self, url, database, full_commit=True, session=None): 
+        """Create a new Couch data container."""
+        self._url = url
+        self._full_commit = full_commit
+        self._session = session
+        self._server = Server(url=self._url,
+                              full_commit=self._full_commit,
+                              session=self._session)
+        # this will ensure that transaction and sync logs exist and are
+        # up-to-date.
+        self.set_document_factory(LeapDocument)
+        try:
+            self._database = self._server[database]
+        except ResourceNotFound:
+            self._server.create(database)
+            self._database = self._server[database]
+        super(CouchDatabase, self).__init__()
+
+    #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # implemented methods from Database
+    #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _get_doc(self, doc_id, check_for_conflicts=False):
+        """Get just the document content, without fancy handling.
+        
+        Conflicts do not happen on server side, so there's no need to check
+        for them.
+        """
+        cdoc = self._database.get(doc_id)
+        if cdoc is None:
+            return None
+        doc = self._factory(doc_id=doc_id, rev=cdoc['u1db_rev'])
+        if cdoc['u1db_json'] is not None:
+            doc.content = json.loads(cdoc['u1db_json'])
+        else:
+            doc.make_tombstone()
+        return doc
+
+    def get_all_docs(self, include_deleted=False):
+        """Get all documents from the database."""
+        generation = self._get_generation()
+        results = []
+        for doc_id in self._database:
+            doc = self._get_doc(doc_id)
+            if doc.content is None and not include_deleted:
+                continue
+            results.append(doc)
+        return (generation, results)
+
+    def _put_doc(self, doc):
+        # prepare couch's Document
+        cdoc = Document()
+        cdoc['_id'] = doc.doc_id
+        # we have to guarantee that couch's _rev is cosistent
+        old_cdoc = self._database.get(doc.doc_id)
+        if old_cdoc is not None:
+            cdoc['_rev'] = old_cdoc['_rev']
+        # store u1db's rev
+        cdoc['u1db_rev'] = doc.rev
+        # store u1db's content as json string
+        if not doc.is_tombstone():
+            cdoc['u1db_json'] = doc.get_json()
+        else:
+            cdoc['u1db_json'] = None
+        self._database.save(cdoc)
+
+    def get_sync_target(self):
+        return CouchSyncTarget(self)
+
+    def close(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError(self.close)
+
+    def sync(self, url, creds=None, autocreate=True):
+        from u1db.sync import Synchronizer
+        from u1db.remote.http_target import CouchSyncTarget
+        return Synchronizer(self, CouchSyncTarget(url, creds=creds)).sync(
+            autocreate=autocreate)
+
+    def _get_u1db_data(self):
+        cdoc = self._database.get(self.U1DB_DATA_DOC_ID)
+        content = json.loads(cdoc['u1db_json'])
+        self._sync_log.log = content['sync_log']
+        self._transaction_log.log = content['transaction_log']
+        self._replica_uid = content['replica_uid']
+        self._couch_rev = cdoc['_rev']
+
+    #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Couch specific methods
+    #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    # no specific methods so far.
+
+class CouchSyncTarget(HTTPSyncTarget):
+
+    def get_sync_info(self, source_replica_uid):
+        source_gen, source_trans_id = self._db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(
+            source_replica_uid)
+        my_gen, my_trans_id = self._db._get_generation_info()
+        return (
+            self._db._replica_uid, my_gen, my_trans_id, source_gen,
+            source_trans_id)
+
+    def record_sync_info(self, source_replica_uid, source_replica_generation,
+                         source_replica_transaction_id):
+        if self._trace_hook:
+            self._trace_hook('record_sync_info')
+        self._db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id(
+            source_replica_uid, source_replica_generation,
+            source_replica_transaction_id)
+
+
diff --git a/src/leap/soledad/backends/leap.py b/src/leap/soledad/backends/leap.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fbd49fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/leap/soledad/backends/leap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+except ImportError:
+    import json  # noqa
+
+from u1db import Document
+from u1db.remote.http_target import HTTPSyncTarget
+from u1db.remote.http_database import HTTPDatabase
+import base64
+from soledad.util import GPGWrapper
+
+
+class NoDefaultKey(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class NoSoledadInstance(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class LeapDocument(Document):
+    """
+    LEAP Documents are standard u1db documents with cabability of returning an
+    encrypted version of the document json string as well as setting document
+    content based on an encrypted version of json string.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, doc_id=None, rev=None, json='{}', has_conflicts=False,
+                 encrypted_json=None, soledad=None):
+        super(LeapDocument, self).__init__(doc_id, rev, json, has_conflicts)
+        self._soledad = soledad
+        if encrypted_json:
+            self.set_encrypted_json(encrypted_json)
+
+    def get_encrypted_json(self):
+        """
+        Returns document's json serialization encrypted with user's public key.
+        """
+        if not self._soledad:
+            raise NoSoledadInstance()
+        ciphertext = self._soledad.encrypt_symmetric(self.doc_id, self.get_json())
+        return json.dumps({'_encrypted_json' : ciphertext})
+
+    def set_encrypted_json(self, encrypted_json):
+        """
+        Set document's content based on encrypted version of json string.
+        """
+        if not self._soledad:
+            raise NoSoledadInstance()
+        ciphertext = json.loads(encrypted_json)['_encrypted_json']
+        plaintext = self._soledad.decrypt_symmetric(self.doc_id, ciphertext)
+        return self.set_json(plaintext)
+
+
+class LeapDatabase(HTTPDatabase):
+    """Implement the HTTP remote database API to a Leap server."""
+
+    def __init__(self, url, document_factory=None, creds=None, soledad=None):
+        super(LeapDatabase, self).__init__(url, creds=creds)
+        self._soledad = soledad
+        self._factory = LeapDocument
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def open_database(url, create):
+        db = LeapDatabase(url)
+        db.open(create)
+        return db
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def delete_database(url):
+        db = LeapDatabase(url)
+        db._delete()
+        db.close()
+
+    def get_sync_target(self):
+        st = LeapSyncTarget(self._url.geturl())
+        st._creds = self._creds
+        return st
+
+    def create_doc_from_json(self, content, doc_id=None):
+        if doc_id is None:
+            doc_id = self._allocate_doc_id()
+        res, headers = self._request_json('PUT', ['doc', doc_id], {},
+                                          content, 'application/json')
+        new_doc = self._factory(doc_id, res['rev'], content, soledad=self._soledad)
+        return new_doc
+
+
+class LeapSyncTarget(HTTPSyncTarget):
+
+    def __init__(self, url, creds=None, soledad=None):
+        super(LeapSyncTarget, self).__init__(url, creds)
+        self._soledad = soledad
+
+    def _parse_sync_stream(self, data, return_doc_cb, ensure_callback=None):
+        """
+        Does the same as parent's method but ensures incoming content will be
+        decrypted.
+        """
+        parts = data.splitlines()  # one at a time
+        if not parts or parts[0] != '[':
+            raise BrokenSyncStream
+        data = parts[1:-1]
+        comma = False
+        if data:
+            line, comma = utils.check_and_strip_comma(data[0])
+            res = json.loads(line)
+            if ensure_callback and 'replica_uid' in res:
+                ensure_callback(res['replica_uid'])
+            for entry in data[1:]:
+                if not comma:  # missing in between comma
+                    raise BrokenSyncStream
+                line, comma = utils.check_and_strip_comma(entry)
+                entry = json.loads(line)
+                # decrypt after receiving from server.
+                doc = LeapDocument(entry['id'], entry['rev'],
+                                   encrypted_json=entry['content'],
+                                   soledad=self._soledad)
+                return_doc_cb(doc, entry['gen'], entry['trans_id'])
+        if parts[-1] != ']':
+            try:
+                partdic = json.loads(parts[-1])
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if isinstance(partdic, dict):
+                    self._error(partdic)
+            raise BrokenSyncStream
+        if not data or comma:  # no entries or bad extra comma
+            raise BrokenSyncStream
+        return res
+
+    def sync_exchange(self, docs_by_generations, source_replica_uid,
+                      last_known_generation, last_known_trans_id,
+                      return_doc_cb, ensure_callback=None):
+        """
+        Does the same as parent's method but encrypts content before syncing.
+        """
+        self._ensure_connection()
+        if self._trace_hook:  # for tests
+            self._trace_hook('sync_exchange')
+        url = '%s/sync-from/%s' % (self._url.path, source_replica_uid)
+        self._conn.putrequest('POST', url)
+        self._conn.putheader('content-type', 'application/x-u1db-sync-stream')
+        for header_name, header_value in self._sign_request('POST', url, {}):
+            self._conn.putheader(header_name, header_value)
+        entries = ['[']
+        size = 1
+
+        def prepare(**dic):
+            entry = comma + '\r\n' + json.dumps(dic)
+            entries.append(entry)
+            return len(entry)
+
+        comma = ''
+        size += prepare(
+            last_known_generation=last_known_generation,
+            last_known_trans_id=last_known_trans_id,
+            ensure=ensure_callback is not None)
+        comma = ','
+        for doc, gen, trans_id in docs_by_generations:
+            # encrypt before sending to server.
+            size += prepare(id=doc.doc_id, rev=doc.rev,
+                            content=doc.get_encrypted_json(),
+                            gen=gen, trans_id=trans_id)
+        entries.append('\r\n]')
+        size += len(entries[-1])
+        self._conn.putheader('content-length', str(size))
+        self._conn.endheaders()
+        for entry in entries:
+            self._conn.send(entry)
+        entries = None
+        data, _ = self._response()
+        res = self._parse_sync_stream(data, return_doc_cb, ensure_callback)
+        data = None
+        return res['new_generation'], res['new_transaction_id']
diff --git a/src/leap/soledad/backends/objectstore.py b/src/leap/soledad/backends/objectstore.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61445a1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/leap/soledad/backends/objectstore.py
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+import uuid
+from u1db.backends import CommonBackend
+from u1db import errors, Document
+from soledad.util import SyncLog, TransactionLog
+
+
+class ObjectStore(CommonBackend):
+    """
+    A backend for storing u1db data in an object store.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        # This initialization method should be called after the connection
+        # with the database is established, so it can ensure that u1db data is
+        # configured and up-to-date.
+        self.set_document_factory(Document)
+        self._sync_log = SyncLog()
+        self._transaction_log = TransactionLog()
+        self._ensure_u1db_data()
+
+    #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # implemented methods from Database
+    #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def set_document_factory(self, factory):
+        self._factory = factory
+
+    def set_document_size_limit(self, limit):
+        raise NotImplementedError(self.set_document_size_limit)
+
+    def whats_changed(self, old_generation=0):
+        self._get_u1db_data()
+        return self._transaction_log.whats_changed(old_generation)
+
+    def get_doc(self, doc_id, include_deleted=False):
+        doc = self._get_doc(doc_id, check_for_conflicts=True)
+        if doc is None:
+            return None
+        if doc.is_tombstone() and not include_deleted:
+            return None
+        return doc
+
+    def _put_doc(self, doc):
+        raise NotImplementedError(self._put_doc)
+
+    def put_doc(self, doc):
+        # consistency check
+        if doc.doc_id is None:
+            raise errors.InvalidDocId()
+        self._check_doc_id(doc.doc_id)
+        self._check_doc_size(doc)
+        # check if document exists
+        old_doc = self._get_doc(doc.doc_id, check_for_conflicts=True)
+        if old_doc and old_doc.has_conflicts:
+            raise errors.ConflictedDoc()
+        if old_doc and doc.rev is None and old_doc.is_tombstone():
+            new_rev = self._allocate_doc_rev(old_doc.rev)
+        else:
+            if old_doc is not None:
+                if old_doc.rev != doc.rev:
+                    raise errors.RevisionConflict()
+            else:
+                if doc.rev is not None:
+                    raise errors.RevisionConflict()
+            new_rev = self._allocate_doc_rev(doc.rev)
+        doc.rev = new_rev
+        self._put_doc(doc)
+        # update u1db generation and logs
+        new_gen = self._get_generation() + 1
+        trans_id = self._allocate_transaction_id()
+        self._transaction_log.append((new_gen, doc.doc_id, trans_id))
+        self._set_u1db_data()
+        return doc.rev
+
+    def delete_doc(self, doc):
+        old_doc = self._get_doc(doc.doc_id, check_for_conflicts=True)
+        if old_doc is None:
+            raise errors.DocumentDoesNotExist
+        if old_doc.rev != doc.rev:
+            raise errors.RevisionConflict()
+        if old_doc.is_tombstone():
+            raise errors.DocumentAlreadyDeleted
+        if old_doc.has_conflicts:
+            raise errors.ConflictedDoc()
+        new_rev = self._allocate_doc_rev(doc.rev)
+        doc.rev = new_rev
+        doc.make_tombstone()
+        self._put_doc(doc)
+        return new_rev
+
+    # start of index-related methods: these are not supported by this backend.
+
+    def create_index(self, index_name, *index_expressions):
+        return False
+
+    def delete_index(self, index_name):
+        return False
+
+    def list_indexes(self):
+        return []
+
+    def get_from_index(self, index_name, *key_values):
+        return []
+
+    def get_range_from_index(self, index_name, start_value=None,
+                             end_value=None):
+        return []
+
+    def get_index_keys(self, index_name):
+        return []
+
+    # end of index-related methods: these are not supported by this backend.
+
+    def get_doc_conflicts(self, doc_id):
+        return []
+
+    def resolve_doc(self, doc, conflicted_doc_revs):
+        raise NotImplementedError(self.resolve_doc)
+
+    def _get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(self, other_replica_uid):
+        self._get_u1db_data()
+        return self._sync_log.get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(other_replica_uid)
+
+    def _set_replica_gen_and_trans_id(self, other_replica_uid,
+                                      other_generation, other_transaction_id):
+        self._get_u1db_data()
+        self._sync_log.set_replica_gen_and_trans_id(other_replica_uid,
+                                                    other_generation,
+                                                    other_transaction_id)
+        self._set_u1db_data()
+
+    #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # implemented methods from CommonBackend
+    #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _get_generation(self):
+        self._get_u1db_data()
+        return self._transaction_log.get_generation()
+
+    def _get_generation_info(self):
+        self._get_u1db_data()
+        return self._transaction_log.get_generation_info()
+
+    def _has_conflicts(self, doc_id):
+        # Documents never have conflicts on server.
+        return False
+
+    def _put_and_update_indexes(self, doc_id, old_doc, new_rev, content):
+        raise NotImplementedError(self._put_and_update_indexes)
+
+
+    def _get_trans_id_for_gen(self, generation):
+        self._get_u1db_data()
+        trans_id = self._transaction_log.get_trans_id_for_gen(generation)
+        if trans_id is None:
+            raise errors.InvalidGeneration
+        return trans_id
+
+    #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # methods specific for object stores
+    #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _ensure_u1db_data(self):
+        """
+        Guarantee that u1db data (logs and replica info) exists in store.
+        """
+        if not self._is_initialized():
+            self._initialize()
+        self._get_u1db_data()
+
+    U1DB_DATA_DOC_ID = 'u1db_data'
+
+    def _is_initialized(self):
+        """
+        Verify if u1db data exists in store.
+        """
+        doc = self._get_doc(self.U1DB_DATA_DOC_ID)
+        if not self._get_doc(self.U1DB_DATA_DOC_ID):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def _initialize(self):
+        """
+        Create u1db data object in store.
+        """
+        self._replica_uid = uuid.uuid4().hex
+        doc = self._factory(doc_id=self.U1DB_DATA_DOC_ID)
+        doc.content = { 'transaction_log' : [],
+                        'sync_log' : [],
+                        'replica_uid' : self._replica_uid }
+        self._put_doc(doc)
+
+    def _get_u1db_data(self, u1db_data_doc_id):
+        """
+        Fetch u1db configuration data from backend storage.
+        """
+        NotImplementedError(self._get_u1db_data)
+
+    def _set_u1db_data(self):
+        """
+        Save u1db configuration data on backend storage.
+        """
+        doc = self._factory(doc_id=self.U1DB_DATA_DOC_ID)
+        doc.content = { 'transaction_log' : self._transaction_log.log,
+                        'sync_log'        : self._sync_log.log,
+                        'replica_uid'     : self._replica_uid,
+                        '_rev'            : self._couch_rev}
+        self._put_doc(doc)
+
+
diff --git a/src/leap/soledad/backends/openstack.py b/src/leap/soledad/backends/openstack.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c027231c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/leap/soledad/backends/openstack.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+from u1db import errors
+from u1db.remote.http_target import HTTPSyncTarget
+from swiftclient import client
+from soledad.backends.objectstore import ObjectStore
+
+
+class OpenStackDatabase(ObjectStore):
+    """A U1DB implementation that uses OpenStack as its persistence layer."""
+
+    def __init__(self, auth_url, user, auth_key, container):
+        """Create a new OpenStack data container."""
+        self._auth_url = auth_url
+        self._user = user
+        self._auth_key = auth_key
+        self._container = container
+        self._connection = swiftclient.Connection(self._auth_url, self._user,
+                                                  self._auth_key)
+        self._get_auth()
+        # this will ensure transaction and sync logs exist and are up-to-date.
+        super(OpenStackDatabase, self).__init__()
+
+    #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # implemented methods from Database
+    #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _get_doc(self, doc_id, check_for_conflicts=False):
+        """Get just the document content, without fancy handling.
+        
+        Conflicts do not happen on server side, so there's no need to check
+        for them.
+        """
+        try:
+            response, contents = self._connection.get_object(self._container, doc_id)
+            # TODO: change revision to be a dictionary element?
+            rev = response['x-object-meta-rev']
+            return self._factory(doc_id, rev, contents)
+        except swiftclient.ClientException:
+            return None
+
+    def get_all_docs(self, include_deleted=False):
+        """Get all documents from the database."""
+        generation = self._get_generation()
+        results = []
+        _, doc_ids = self._connection.get_container(self._container,
+                                                    full_listing=True)
+        for doc_id in doc_ids:
+            doc = self._get_doc(doc_id)
+            if doc.content is None and not include_deleted:
+                continue
+            results.append(doc)
+        return (generation, results)
+
+    def _put_doc(self, doc, new_rev):
+        new_rev = self._allocate_doc_rev(doc.rev)
+        # TODO: change revision to be a dictionary element?
+        headers = { 'X-Object-Meta-Rev' : new_rev }
+        self._connection.put_object(self._container, doc_id, doc.get_json(),
+                                    headers=headers)
+
+    def get_sync_target(self):
+        return OpenStackSyncTarget(self)
+
+    def close(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError(self.close)
+
+    def sync(self, url, creds=None, autocreate=True):
+        from u1db.sync import Synchronizer
+        from u1db.remote.http_target import OpenStackSyncTarget
+        return Synchronizer(self, OpenStackSyncTarget(url, creds=creds)).sync(
+            autocreate=autocreate)
+
+    #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # OpenStack specific methods
+    #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _get_auth(self):
+        self._url, self._auth_token = self._connection.get_auth()
+        return self._url, self.auth_token
+
+class OpenStackSyncTarget(HTTPSyncTarget):
+
+    def get_sync_info(self, source_replica_uid):
+        source_gen, source_trans_id = self._db._get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(
+            source_replica_uid)
+        my_gen, my_trans_id = self._db._get_generation_info()
+        return (
+            self._db._replica_uid, my_gen, my_trans_id, source_gen,
+            source_trans_id)
+
+    def record_sync_info(self, source_replica_uid, source_replica_generation,
+                         source_replica_transaction_id):
+        if self._trace_hook:
+            self._trace_hook('record_sync_info')
+        self._db._set_replica_gen_and_trans_id(
+            source_replica_uid, source_replica_generation,
+            source_replica_transaction_id)
+
+
diff --git a/src/leap/soledad/backends/sqlcipher.py b/src/leap/soledad/backends/sqlcipher.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6fd6e619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/leap/soledad/backends/sqlcipher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+# Copyright 2011 Canonical Ltd.
+#
+# This file is part of u1db.
+#
+# u1db is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# u1db is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with u1db.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""A U1DB implementation that uses SQLCipher as its persistence layer."""
+
+import errno
+import os
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+except ImportError:
+    import json  # noqa
+from sqlite3 import dbapi2
+import sys
+import time
+import uuid
+
+import pkg_resources
+
+from u1db.backends import CommonBackend, CommonSyncTarget
+from u1db.backends.sqlite_backend import SQLitePartialExpandDatabase
+from u1db import (
+    Document,
+    errors,
+    query_parser,
+    vectorclock,
+    )
+
+
+def open(path, create, document_factory=None, password=None):
+    """Open a database at the given location.
+
+    Will raise u1db.errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist if create=False and the
+    database does not already exist.
+
+    :param path: The filesystem path for the database to open.
+    :param create: True/False, should the database be created if it doesn't
+        already exist?
+    :param document_factory: A function that will be called with the same
+        parameters as Document.__init__.
+    :return: An instance of Database.
+    """
+    from u1db.backends import sqlite_backend
+    return sqlite_backend.SQLCipherDatabase.open_database(
+        path, password, create=create, document_factory=document_factory)
+
+
+class SQLCipherDatabase(SQLitePartialExpandDatabase):
+    """A U1DB implementation that uses SQLCipher as its persistence layer."""
+
+    _index_storage_value = 'expand referenced encrypted'
+
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_pragma_key(cls, db_handle, key):
+       db_handle.cursor().execute("PRAGMA key = '%s'" % key)
+
+    def __init__(self, sqlite_file, password, document_factory=None):
+        """Create a new sqlite file."""
+        self._db_handle = dbapi2.connect(sqlite_file)
+        SQLCipherDatabase.set_pragma_key(self._db_handle, password)
+        self._real_replica_uid = None
+        self._ensure_schema()
+        self._factory = document_factory or Document
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _open_database(cls, sqlite_file, password, document_factory=None):
+        if not os.path.isfile(sqlite_file):
+            raise errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist()
+        tries = 2
+        while True:
+            # Note: There seems to be a bug in sqlite 3.5.9 (with python2.6)
+            #       where without re-opening the database on Windows, it
+            #       doesn't see the transaction that was just committed
+            db_handle = dbapi2.connect(sqlite_file)
+            SQLCipherDatabase.set_pragma_key(db_handle, password)
+            c = db_handle.cursor()
+            v, err = cls._which_index_storage(c)
+            db_handle.close()
+            if v is not None:
+                break
+            # possibly another process is initializing it, wait for it to be
+            # done
+            if tries == 0:
+                raise err  # go for the richest error?
+            tries -= 1
+            time.sleep(cls.WAIT_FOR_PARALLEL_INIT_HALF_INTERVAL)
+        return SQLCipherDatabase._sqlite_registry[v](
+            sqlite_file, password, document_factory=document_factory)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def open_database(cls, sqlite_file, password, create, backend_cls=None,
+                      document_factory=None):
+        try:
+            return cls._open_database(sqlite_file, password,
+                                      document_factory=document_factory)
+        except errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist:
+            if not create:
+                raise
+            if backend_cls is None:
+                # default is SQLCipherPartialExpandDatabase
+                backend_cls = SQLCipherDatabase
+            return backend_cls(sqlite_file, password,
+                               document_factory=document_factory)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def register_implementation(klass):
+        """Register that we implement an SQLCipherDatabase.
+
+        The attribute _index_storage_value will be used as the lookup key.
+        """
+        SQLCipherDatabase._sqlite_registry[klass._index_storage_value] = klass
+
+
+SQLCipherDatabase.register_implementation(SQLCipherDatabase)
diff --git a/src/leap/soledad/tests/__init__.py b/src/leap/soledad/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7918b265
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/leap/soledad/tests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import unittest2 as unittest
+import tempfile
+import shutil
+
+class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def createTempDir(self, prefix='u1db-tmp-'):
+        """Create a temporary directory to do some work in.
+
+        This directory will be scheduled for cleanup when the test ends.
+        """
+        tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=prefix)
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, tempdir)
+        return tempdir
+
+    def make_document(self, doc_id, doc_rev, content, has_conflicts=False):
+        return self.make_document_for_test(
+            self, doc_id, doc_rev, content, has_conflicts)
+
+    def make_document_for_test(self, test, doc_id, doc_rev, content,
+                               has_conflicts):
+        return make_document_for_test(
+            test, doc_id, doc_rev, content, has_conflicts)
+
+    def assertGetDoc(self, db, doc_id, doc_rev, content, has_conflicts):
+        """Assert that the document in the database looks correct."""
+        exp_doc = self.make_document(doc_id, doc_rev, content,
+                                     has_conflicts=has_conflicts)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_doc, db.get_doc(doc_id))
+
+    def assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(self, db, doc_id, doc_rev, content,
+                                   has_conflicts):
+        """Assert that the document in the database looks correct."""
+        exp_doc = self.make_document(doc_id, doc_rev, content,
+                                     has_conflicts=has_conflicts)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_doc, db.get_doc(doc_id, include_deleted=True))
+
+    def assertGetDocConflicts(self, db, doc_id, conflicts):
+        """Assert what conflicts are stored for a given doc_id.
+
+        :param conflicts: A list of (doc_rev, content) pairs.
+            The first item must match the first item returned from the
+            database, however the rest can be returned in any order.
+        """
+        if conflicts:
+            conflicts = [(rev, (json.loads(cont) if isinstance(cont, basestring)
+                           else cont)) for (rev, cont) in conflicts]
+            conflicts = conflicts[:1] + sorted(conflicts[1:])
+        actual = db.get_doc_conflicts(doc_id)
+        if actual:
+            actual = [(doc.rev, (json.loads(doc.get_json())
+                   if doc.get_json() is not None else None)) for doc in actual]
+            actual = actual[:1] + sorted(actual[1:])
+        self.assertEqual(conflicts, actual)
+
diff --git a/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_couch.py b/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_couch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4468ae04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_couch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+import unittest2
+from soledad.backends.couch import CouchDatabase
+from soledad.backends.leap import LeapDocument
+from u1db import errors, vectorclock
+
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+except ImportError:
+    import json  # noqa
+
+simple_doc = '{"key": "value"}'
+nested_doc = '{"key": "value", "sub": {"doc": "underneath"}}'
+
+def make_document_for_test(test, doc_id, rev, content, has_conflicts=False):
+    return LeapDocument(doc_id, rev, content, has_conflicts=has_conflicts)
+
+class CouchTestCase(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.db = CouchDatabase('http://localhost:5984', 'u1db_tests')
+
+    def make_document(self, doc_id, doc_rev, content, has_conflicts=False):
+        return self.make_document_for_test(
+            self, doc_id, doc_rev, content, has_conflicts)
+
+    def make_document_for_test(self, test, doc_id, doc_rev, content,
+                               has_conflicts):
+        return make_document_for_test(
+            test, doc_id, doc_rev, content, has_conflicts)
+
+    def assertGetDoc(self, db, doc_id, doc_rev, content, has_conflicts):
+        """Assert that the document in the database looks correct."""
+        exp_doc = self.make_document(doc_id, doc_rev, content,
+                                     has_conflicts=has_conflicts)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_doc, db.get_doc(doc_id))
+
+    def assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(self, db, doc_id, doc_rev, content,
+                                   has_conflicts):
+        """Assert that the document in the database looks correct."""
+        exp_doc = self.make_document(doc_id, doc_rev, content,
+                                     has_conflicts=has_conflicts)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_doc, db.get_doc(doc_id, include_deleted=True))
+
+
+    def test_create_doc_allocating_doc_id(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertNotEqual(None, doc.doc_id)
+        self.assertNotEqual(None, doc.rev)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_create_doc_different_ids_same_db(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.assertNotEqual(doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id)
+
+    def test_create_doc_with_id(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my-id')
+        self.assertEqual('my-id', doc.doc_id)
+        self.assertNotEqual(None, doc.rev)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_create_doc_existing_id(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        new_content = '{"something": "else"}'
+        self.assertRaises(
+            errors.RevisionConflict, self.db.create_doc_from_json,
+            new_content, doc.doc_id)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_put_doc_creating_initial(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('my_doc_id', None, simple_doc)
+        new_rev = self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertIsNot(None, new_rev)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc_id', new_rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_put_doc_space_in_id(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('my doc id', None, simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidDocId, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+
+    def test_put_doc_update(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        orig_rev = doc.rev
+        doc.set_json('{"updated": "stuff"}')
+        new_rev = self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertNotEqual(new_rev, orig_rev)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc_id', new_rev,
+                          '{"updated": "stuff"}', False)
+        self.assertEqual(doc.rev, new_rev)
+
+    def test_put_non_ascii_key(self):
+        content = json.dumps({u'key\xe5': u'val'})
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content, doc_id='my_doc')
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc', doc.rev, content, False)
+
+    def test_put_non_ascii_value(self):
+        content = json.dumps({'key': u'\xe5'})
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(content, doc_id='my_doc')
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc', doc.rev, content, False)
+
+    def test_put_doc_refuses_no_id(self):
+        doc = self.make_document(None, None, simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidDocId, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+        doc = self.make_document("", None, simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidDocId, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+
+    def test_put_doc_refuses_slashes(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('a/b', None, simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidDocId, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+        doc = self.make_document(r'\b', None, simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidDocId, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+
+    def test_put_doc_url_quoting_is_fine(self):
+        doc_id = "%2F%2Ffoo%2Fbar"
+        doc = self.make_document(doc_id, None, simple_doc)
+        new_rev = self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc_id, new_rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_put_doc_refuses_non_existing_old_rev(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('doc-id', 'test:4', simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.RevisionConflict, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+
+    def test_put_doc_refuses_non_ascii_doc_id(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('d\xc3\xa5c-id', None, simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.InvalidDocId, self.db.put_doc, doc)
+
+    def test_put_fails_with_bad_old_rev(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        old_rev = doc.rev
+        bad_doc = self.make_document(doc.doc_id, 'other:1',
+                                     '{"something": "else"}')
+        self.assertRaises(errors.RevisionConflict, self.db.put_doc, bad_doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc_id', old_rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_create_succeeds_after_delete(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        deleted_doc = self.db.get_doc('my_doc_id', include_deleted=True)
+        deleted_vc = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(deleted_doc.rev)
+        new_doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc_id', new_doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+        new_vc = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(new_doc.rev)
+        self.assertTrue(
+            new_vc.is_newer(deleted_vc),
+            "%s does not supersede %s" % (new_doc.rev, deleted_doc.rev))
+
+    def test_put_succeeds_after_delete(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        deleted_doc = self.db.get_doc('my_doc_id', include_deleted=True)
+        deleted_vc = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(deleted_doc.rev)
+        doc2 = self.make_document('my_doc_id', None, simple_doc)
+        self.db.put_doc(doc2)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc_id', doc2.rev, simple_doc, False)
+        new_vc = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc2.rev)
+        self.assertTrue(
+            new_vc.is_newer(deleted_vc),
+            "%s does not supersede %s" % (doc2.rev, deleted_doc.rev))
+
+    def test_get_doc_after_put(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, 'my_doc_id', doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_get_doc_nonexisting(self):
+        self.assertIs(None, self.db.get_doc('non-existing'))
+
+    def test_get_doc_deleted(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertIs(None, self.db.get_doc('my_doc_id'))
+
+    def test_get_doc_include_deleted(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc, doc_id='my_doc_id')
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, None, False)
+
+    def test_get_docs(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.assertEqual([doc1, doc2],
+                         list(self.db.get_docs([doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id])))
+
+    def test_get_docs_deleted(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc1)
+        self.assertEqual([doc2],
+                         list(self.db.get_docs([doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id])))
+
+    def test_get_docs_include_deleted(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [doc1, doc2],
+            list(self.db.get_docs([doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id],
+                                  include_deleted=True)))
+
+    def test_get_docs_request_ordered(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.assertEqual([doc1, doc2],
+                         list(self.db.get_docs([doc1.doc_id, doc2.doc_id])))
+        self.assertEqual([doc2, doc1],
+                         list(self.db.get_docs([doc2.doc_id, doc1.doc_id])))
+
+    def test_get_docs_empty_list(self):
+        self.assertEqual([], list(self.db.get_docs([])))
+
+    def test_handles_nested_content(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, nested_doc, False)
+
+    def test_handles_doc_with_null(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key": null}')
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, '{"key": null}', False)
+
+    def test_delete_doc(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, simple_doc, False)
+        orig_rev = doc.rev
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertNotEqual(orig_rev, doc.rev)
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, None, False)
+        self.assertIs(None, self.db.get_doc(doc.doc_id))
+
+    def test_delete_doc_non_existent(self):
+        doc = self.make_document('non-existing', 'other:1', simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DocumentDoesNotExist, self.db.delete_doc, doc)
+
+    def test_delete_doc_already_deleted(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DocumentAlreadyDeleted,
+                          self.db.delete_doc, doc)
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, None, False)
+
+    def test_delete_doc_bad_rev(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev, simple_doc, False)
+        doc2 = self.make_document(doc1.doc_id, 'other:1', simple_doc)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.RevisionConflict, self.db.delete_doc, doc2)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc1.doc_id, doc1.rev, simple_doc, False)
+
+    def test_delete_doc_sets_content_to_None(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertIs(None, doc.get_json())
+
+    def test_delete_doc_rev_supersedes(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        doc.set_json(nested_doc)
+        self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        doc.set_json('{"fishy": "content"}')
+        self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        old_rev = doc.rev
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        cur_vc = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(old_rev)
+        deleted_vc = vectorclock.VectorClockRev(doc.rev)
+        self.assertTrue(deleted_vc.is_newer(cur_vc),
+                "%s does not supersede %s" % (doc.rev, old_rev))
+
+    def test_delete_then_put(self):
+        doc = self.db.create_doc_from_json(simple_doc)
+        self.db.delete_doc(doc)
+        self.assertGetDocIncludeDeleted(
+            self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, None, False)
+        doc.set_json(nested_doc)
+        self.db.put_doc(doc)
+        self.assertGetDoc(self.db, doc.doc_id, doc.rev, nested_doc, False)
+
+
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.db._server.delete('u1db_tests')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest2.main()
diff --git a/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_encrypted.py b/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_encrypted.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eafd258e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_encrypted.py
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+except ImportError:
+    import json  # noqa
+
+import unittest2 as unittest
+import os
+
+import u1db
+from soledad import Soledad
+from soledad.backends.leap import LeapDocument
+
+
+class EncryptedSyncTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    PREFIX     = "/var/tmp"
+    GNUPG_HOME = "%s/gnupg" % PREFIX
+    DB1_FILE   = "%s/db1.u1db" % PREFIX
+    DB2_FILE   = "%s/db2.u1db" % PREFIX
+    EMAIL      = 'leap@leap.se'
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.db1 = u1db.open(self.DB1_FILE, create=True,
+                             document_factory=LeapDocument)
+        self.db2 = u1db.open(self.DB2_FILE, create=True,
+                             document_factory=LeapDocument)
+        self.soledad = Soledad(self.EMAIL, gpghome=self.GNUPG_HOME)
+        self.soledad._gpg.import_keys(PUBLIC_KEY)
+        self.soledad._gpg.import_keys(PRIVATE_KEY)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.unlink(self.DB1_FILE)
+        os.unlink(self.DB2_FILE)
+
+    def test_get_set_encrypted(self):
+        doc1 = LeapDocument(soledad=self.soledad)
+        doc1.content = { 'key' : 'val' }
+        doc2 = LeapDocument(doc_id=doc1.doc_id,
+                                 encrypted_json=doc1.get_encrypted_json(),
+                                 soledad=self.soledad)
+        res1 = doc1.get_json()
+        res2 = doc2.get_json()
+        self.assertEqual(res1, res2, 'incorrect document encryption')
+
+
+# Key material for testing
+KEY_FINGERPRINT = "E36E738D69173C13D709E44F2F455E2824D18DDF"
+PUBLIC_KEY = """
+-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
+Version: GnuPG v1.4.10 (GNU/Linux)
+
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+=MuOY
+-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
+"""
+PRIVATE_KEY = """
+-----BEGIN PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK-----
+Version: GnuPG v1.4.10 (GNU/Linux)
+
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+tF+WjWDTvJLFJCe6O+BFJOWrssNrrra1zGtLC1s8s+Wfpe+bGPL5zpHeebGTwH1U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+=JTFu
+-----END PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK-----
+"""
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_logs.py b/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_logs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d61700f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_logs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import unittest2 as unittest
+from soledad.util import TransactionLog, SyncLog
+
+
+class LogTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+
+    def test_transaction_log(self):
+        data = [
+          (2, "doc_3", "tran_3"),
+          (3, "doc_2", "tran_2"),
+          (1, "doc_1", "tran_1")
+        ]
+        log = TransactionLog()
+        log.log = data
+        self.assertEqual(log.get_generation(), 3, 'error getting generation')
+        self.assertEqual(log.get_generation_info(), (3, 'tran_2'),
+                         'error getting generation info')
+        self.assertEqual(log.get_trans_id_for_gen(1), 'tran_1',
+                         'error getting trans_id for gen')
+        self.assertEqual(log.get_trans_id_for_gen(2), 'tran_3',
+                         'error getting trans_id for gen')
+        self.assertEqual(log.get_trans_id_for_gen(3), 'tran_2',
+                         'error getting trans_id for gen')
+
+    def test_sync_log(self):
+        data = [
+          ("replica_3", 3, "tran_3"),
+          ("replica_2", 2, "tran_2"),
+          ("replica_1", 1, "tran_1")
+        ]
+        log = SyncLog()
+        log.log = data
+        # test getting
+        self.assertEqual(log.get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('replica_3'),
+            (3, 'tran_3'), 'error getting replica gen and trans id')
+        self.assertEqual(log.get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('replica_2'),
+            (2, 'tran_2'), 'error getting replica gen and trans id')
+        self.assertEqual(log.get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('replica_1'),
+            (1, 'tran_1'), 'error getting replica gen and trans id')
+        # test setting
+        log.set_replica_gen_and_trans_id('replica_1', 2, 'tran_12')
+        self.assertEqual(len(log._log), 3, 'error in log size after setting')
+        self.assertEqual(log.get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('replica_1'),
+            (2, 'tran_12'), 'error setting replica gen and trans id')
+        self.assertEqual(log.get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('replica_2'),
+            (2, 'tran_2'), 'error setting replica gen and trans id')
+        self.assertEqual(log.get_replica_gen_and_trans_id('replica_3'),
+            (3, 'tran_3'), 'error setting replica gen and trans id')
+
+    def test_whats_changed(self):
+        data = [
+          (2, "doc_3", "tran_3"),
+          (3, "doc_2", "tran_2"),
+          (1, "doc_1", "tran_1")
+        ]
+        log = TransactionLog()
+        log.log = data
+        self.assertEqual(
+          log.whats_changed(3),
+          (3, "tran_2", []),
+          'error getting whats changed.')
+        self.assertEqual(
+          log.whats_changed(2),
+          (3, "tran_2", [("doc_2",3,"tran_2")]),
+          'error getting whats changed.')
+        self.assertEqual(
+          log.whats_changed(1),
+          (3, "tran_2", [("doc_3",2,"tran_3"),("doc_2",3,"tran_2")]),
+          'error getting whats changed.')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
+
diff --git a/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_sqlcipher.py b/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_sqlcipher.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9e9f681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/leap/soledad/tests/test_sqlcipher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+# Copyright 2011 Canonical Ltd.
+#
+# This file is part of u1db.
+#
+# u1db is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# u1db is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with u1db.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""Test sqlite backend internals."""
+
+import os
+import time
+import threading
+import unittest2 as unittest
+
+from sqlite3 import dbapi2
+
+from u1db import (
+    errors,
+    query_parser,
+    )
+from soledad.backends import sqlcipher
+from soledad.backends.leap import LeapDocument
+from soledad import tests
+
+
+simple_doc = '{"key": "value"}'
+nested_doc = '{"key": "value", "sub": {"doc": "underneath"}}'
+
+
+class TestSQLCipherDatabase(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def test_atomic_initialize(self):
+        tmpdir = self.createTempDir()
+        dbname = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'atomic.db')
+
+        t2 = None  # will be a thread
+
+        class SQLCipherDatabaseTesting(sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase):
+            _index_storage_value = "testing"
+
+            def __init__(self, dbname, ntry):
+                self._try = ntry
+                self._is_initialized_invocations = 0
+                password = '123456'
+                super(SQLCipherDatabaseTesting, self).__init__(dbname, password)
+
+            def _is_initialized(self, c):
+                res = super(SQLCipherDatabaseTesting, self)._is_initialized(c)
+                if self._try == 1:
+                    self._is_initialized_invocations += 1
+                    if self._is_initialized_invocations == 2:
+                        t2.start()
+                        # hard to do better and have a generic test
+                        time.sleep(0.05)
+                return res
+
+        outcome2 = []
+
+        def second_try():
+            try:
+                db2 = SQLCipherDatabaseTesting(dbname, 2)
+            except Exception, e:
+                outcome2.append(e)
+            else:
+                outcome2.append(db2)
+
+        t2 = threading.Thread(target=second_try)
+        db1 = SQLCipherDatabaseTesting(dbname, 1)
+        t2.join()
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(outcome2[0], SQLCipherDatabaseTesting)
+        db2 = outcome2[0]
+        self.assertTrue(db2._is_initialized(db1._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()))
+
+
+_password = '123456'
+
+
+class TestSQLCipherPartialExpandDatabase(tests.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestSQLCipherPartialExpandDatabase, self).setUp()
+        self.db = sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase(':memory:', _password)
+        self.db._set_replica_uid('test')
+
+    def test_create_database(self):
+        raw_db = self.db._get_sqlite_handle()
+        self.assertNotEqual(None, raw_db)
+
+    def test_default_replica_uid(self):
+        self.db = sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase(':memory:', _password)
+        self.assertIsNot(None, self.db._replica_uid)
+        self.assertEqual(32, len(self.db._replica_uid))
+        int(self.db._replica_uid, 16)
+
+    def test__close_sqlite_handle(self):
+        raw_db = self.db._get_sqlite_handle()
+        self.db._close_sqlite_handle()
+        self.assertRaises(dbapi2.ProgrammingError,
+            raw_db.cursor)
+
+    def test_create_database_initializes_schema(self):
+        raw_db = self.db._get_sqlite_handle()
+        c = raw_db.cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM u1db_config")
+        config = dict([(r[0], r[1]) for r in c.fetchall()])
+        self.assertEqual({'sql_schema': '0', 'replica_uid': 'test',
+                          'index_storage': 'expand referenced encrypted'}, config)
+
+        # These tables must exist, though we don't care what is in them yet
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM transaction_log")
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM document")
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM document_fields")
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM sync_log")
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM conflicts")
+        c.execute("SELECT * FROM index_definitions")
+
+    def test__parse_index(self):
+        self.db = sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase(':memory:', _password)
+        g = self.db._parse_index_definition('fieldname')
+        self.assertIsInstance(g, query_parser.ExtractField)
+        self.assertEqual(['fieldname'], g.field)
+
+    def test__update_indexes(self):
+        self.db = sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase(':memory:', _password)
+        g = self.db._parse_index_definition('fieldname')
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        self.db._update_indexes('doc-id', {'fieldname': 'val'},
+                                [('fieldname', g)], c)
+        c.execute('SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields')
+        self.assertEqual([('doc-id', 'fieldname', 'val')],
+                         c.fetchall())
+
+    def test__set_replica_uid(self):
+        # Start from scratch, so that replica_uid isn't set.
+        self.db = sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase(':memory:', _password)
+        self.assertIsNot(None, self.db._real_replica_uid)
+        self.assertIsNot(None, self.db._replica_uid)
+        self.db._set_replica_uid('foo')
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT value FROM u1db_config WHERE name='replica_uid'")
+        self.assertEqual(('foo',), c.fetchone())
+        self.assertEqual('foo', self.db._real_replica_uid)
+        self.assertEqual('foo', self.db._replica_uid)
+        self.db._close_sqlite_handle()
+        self.assertEqual('foo', self.db._replica_uid)
+
+    def test__get_generation(self):
+        self.assertEqual(0, self.db._get_generation())
+
+    def test__get_generation_info(self):
+        self.assertEqual((0, ''), self.db._get_generation_info())
+
+    def test_create_index(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', "key")
+        self.assertEqual([('test-idx', ["key"])], self.db.list_indexes())
+
+    def test_create_index_multiple_fields(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', "key", "key2")
+        self.assertEqual([('test-idx', ["key", "key2"])],
+                         self.db.list_indexes())
+
+    def test__get_index_definition(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test-idx', "key", "key2")
+        # TODO: How would you test that an index is getting used for an SQL
+        #       request?
+        self.assertEqual(["key", "key2"],
+                         self.db._get_index_definition('test-idx'))
+
+    def test_list_index_mixed(self):
+        # Make sure that we properly order the output
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        # We intentionally insert the data in weird ordering, to make sure the
+        # query still gets it back correctly.
+        c.executemany("INSERT INTO index_definitions VALUES (?, ?, ?)",
+                      [('idx-1', 0, 'key10'),
+                       ('idx-2', 2, 'key22'),
+                       ('idx-1', 1, 'key11'),
+                       ('idx-2', 0, 'key20'),
+                       ('idx-2', 1, 'key21')])
+        self.assertEqual([('idx-1', ['key10', 'key11']),
+                          ('idx-2', ['key20', 'key21', 'key22'])],
+                         self.db.list_indexes())
+
+    def test_no_indexes_no_document_fields(self):
+        self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key1": "val1", "key2": "val2"}')
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields"
+                  " ORDER BY doc_id, field_name, value")
+        self.assertEqual([], c.fetchall())
+
+    def test_create_extracts_fields(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key1": "val1", "key2": "val2"}')
+        doc2 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key1": "valx", "key2": "valy"}')
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields"
+                  " ORDER BY doc_id, field_name, value")
+        self.assertEqual([], c.fetchall())
+        self.db.create_index('test', 'key1', 'key2')
+        c.execute("SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields"
+                  " ORDER BY doc_id, field_name, value")
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(
+            [(doc1.doc_id, "key1", "val1"),
+             (doc1.doc_id, "key2", "val2"),
+             (doc2.doc_id, "key1", "valx"),
+             (doc2.doc_id, "key2", "valy"),
+            ]), sorted(c.fetchall()))
+
+    def test_put_updates_fields(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test', 'key1', 'key2')
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(
+            '{"key1": "val1", "key2": "val2"}')
+        doc1.content = {"key1": "val1", "key2": "valy"}
+        self.db.put_doc(doc1)
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields"
+                  " ORDER BY doc_id, field_name, value")
+        self.assertEqual([(doc1.doc_id, "key1", "val1"),
+                          (doc1.doc_id, "key2", "valy"),
+                         ], c.fetchall())
+
+    def test_put_updates_nested_fields(self):
+        self.db.create_index('test', 'key', 'sub.doc')
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json(nested_doc)
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields"
+                  " ORDER BY doc_id, field_name, value")
+        self.assertEqual([(doc1.doc_id, "key", "value"),
+                          (doc1.doc_id, "sub.doc", "underneath"),
+                         ], c.fetchall())
+
+    def test__ensure_schema_rollback(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/rollback.db'
+
+        class SQLCipherPartialExpandDbTesting(
+            sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase):
+
+            def _set_replica_uid_in_transaction(self, uid):
+                super(SQLCipherPartialExpandDbTesting,
+                    self)._set_replica_uid_in_transaction(uid)
+                if fail:
+                    raise Exception()
+
+        db = SQLCipherPartialExpandDbTesting.__new__(SQLCipherPartialExpandDbTesting)
+        db._db_handle = dbapi2.connect(path)  # db is there but not yet init-ed
+        fail = True
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, db._ensure_schema)
+        fail = False
+        db._initialize(db._db_handle.cursor())
+
+    def test__open_database(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/test.sqlite'
+        sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase(path, _password)
+        db2 = sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase._open_database(path, _password)
+        self.assertIsInstance(db2, sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase)
+
+    def test__open_database_with_factory(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/test.sqlite'
+        sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase(path, _password)
+        db2 = sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase._open_database(
+            path, _password, document_factory=LeapDocument)
+        self.assertEqual(LeapDocument, db2._factory)
+
+    def test__open_database_non_existent(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/non-existent.sqlite'
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                         sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase._open_database, path, _password)
+
+    def test__open_database_during_init(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/initialised.db'
+        db = sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase.__new__(
+                                    sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase)
+        db._db_handle = dbapi2.connect(path)  # db is there but not yet init-ed
+        self.addCleanup(db.close)
+        observed = []
+
+        class SQLCipherDatabaseTesting(sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase):
+            WAIT_FOR_PARALLEL_INIT_HALF_INTERVAL = 0.1
+
+            @classmethod
+            def _which_index_storage(cls, c):
+                res = super(SQLCipherDatabaseTesting, cls)._which_index_storage(c)
+                db._ensure_schema()  # init db
+                observed.append(res[0])
+                return res
+
+        db2 = SQLCipherDatabaseTesting._open_database(path, _password)
+        self.addCleanup(db2.close)
+        self.assertIsInstance(db2, sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase)
+        self.assertEqual([None,
+              sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase._index_storage_value],
+                         observed)
+
+    def test__open_database_invalid(self):
+        class SQLCipherDatabaseTesting(sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase):
+            WAIT_FOR_PARALLEL_INIT_HALF_INTERVAL = 0.1
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path1 = temp_dir + '/invalid1.db'
+        with open(path1, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write("")
+        self.assertRaises(dbapi2.OperationalError,
+                          SQLCipherDatabaseTesting._open_database, path1, _password)
+        with open(path1, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write("invalid")
+        self.assertRaises(dbapi2.DatabaseError,
+                          SQLCipherDatabaseTesting._open_database, path1, _password)
+
+    def test_open_database_existing(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/existing.sqlite'
+        sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase(path, _password)
+        db2 = sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase.open_database(path, _password,
+                                                        create=False)
+        self.assertIsInstance(db2, sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase)
+
+    def test_open_database_with_factory(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/existing.sqlite'
+        sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase(path, _password)
+        db2 = sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase.open_database(
+            path, _password, create=False, document_factory=LeapDocument)
+        self.assertEqual(LeapDocument, db2._factory)
+
+    def test_open_database_create(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/new.sqlite'
+        sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase.open_database(path, _password, create=True)
+        db2 = sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase.open_database(path, _password, create=False)
+        self.assertIsInstance(db2, sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase)
+
+    def test_open_database_non_existent(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/non-existent.sqlite'
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                          sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase.open_database, path,
+                          _password, create=False)
+
+    def test_delete_database_existent(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/new.sqlite'
+        db = sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase.open_database(path, _password, create=True)
+        db.close()
+        sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase.delete_database(path)
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                          sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase.open_database, path,
+                          _password, create=False)
+
+    def test_delete_database_nonexistent(self):
+        temp_dir = self.createTempDir(prefix='u1db-test-')
+        path = temp_dir + '/non-existent.sqlite'
+        self.assertRaises(errors.DatabaseDoesNotExist,
+                          sqlcipher.SQLCipherDatabase.delete_database, path)
+
+    def test__get_indexed_fields(self):
+        self.db.create_index('idx1', 'a', 'b')
+        self.assertEqual(set(['a', 'b']), self.db._get_indexed_fields())
+        self.db.create_index('idx2', 'b', 'c')
+        self.assertEqual(set(['a', 'b', 'c']), self.db._get_indexed_fields())
+
+    def test_indexed_fields_expanded(self):
+        self.db.create_index('idx1', 'key1')
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key1": "val1", "key2": "val2"}')
+        self.assertEqual(set(['key1']), self.db._get_indexed_fields())
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields"
+                  " ORDER BY doc_id, field_name, value")
+        self.assertEqual([(doc1.doc_id, 'key1', 'val1')], c.fetchall())
+
+    def test_create_index_updates_fields(self):
+        doc1 = self.db.create_doc_from_json('{"key1": "val1", "key2": "val2"}')
+        self.db.create_index('idx1', 'key1')
+        self.assertEqual(set(['key1']), self.db._get_indexed_fields())
+        c = self.db._get_sqlite_handle().cursor()
+        c.execute("SELECT doc_id, field_name, value FROM document_fields"
+                  " ORDER BY doc_id, field_name, value")
+        self.assertEqual([(doc1.doc_id, 'key1', 'val1')], c.fetchall())
+
+    def assertFormatQueryEquals(self, exp_statement, exp_args, definition,
+                                values):
+        statement, args = self.db._format_query(definition, values)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_statement, statement)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_args, args)
+
+    def test__format_query(self):
+        self.assertFormatQueryEquals(
+            "SELECT d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content, count(c.doc_rev) FROM "
+            "document d, document_fields d0 LEFT OUTER JOIN conflicts c ON "
+            "c.doc_id = d.doc_id WHERE d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name "
+            "= ? AND d0.value = ? GROUP BY d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content "
+            "ORDER BY d0.value;", ["key1", "a"],
+            ["key1"], ["a"])
+
+    def test__format_query2(self):
+        self.assertFormatQueryEquals(
+            'SELECT d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content, count(c.doc_rev) FROM '
+            'document d, document_fields d0, document_fields d1, '
+            'document_fields d2 LEFT OUTER JOIN conflicts c ON c.doc_id = '
+            'd.doc_id WHERE d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd0.value = ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd1.value = ? AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id AND d2.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd2.value = ? GROUP BY d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content ORDER BY '
+            'd0.value, d1.value, d2.value;',
+            ["key1", "a", "key2", "b", "key3", "c"],
+            ["key1", "key2", "key3"], ["a", "b", "c"])
+
+    def test__format_query_wildcard(self):
+        self.assertFormatQueryEquals(
+            'SELECT d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content, count(c.doc_rev) FROM '
+            'document d, document_fields d0, document_fields d1, '
+            'document_fields d2 LEFT OUTER JOIN conflicts c ON c.doc_id = '
+            'd.doc_id WHERE d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd0.value = ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd1.value GLOB ? AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id AND d2.field_name = ? '
+            'AND d2.value NOT NULL GROUP BY d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content '
+            'ORDER BY d0.value, d1.value, d2.value;',
+            ["key1", "a", "key2", "b*", "key3"], ["key1", "key2", "key3"],
+            ["a", "b*", "*"])
+
+    def assertFormatRangeQueryEquals(self, exp_statement, exp_args, definition,
+                                     start_value, end_value):
+        statement, args = self.db._format_range_query(
+            definition, start_value, end_value)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_statement, statement)
+        self.assertEqual(exp_args, args)
+
+    def test__format_range_query(self):
+        self.assertFormatRangeQueryEquals(
+            'SELECT d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content, count(c.doc_rev) FROM '
+            'document d, document_fields d0, document_fields d1, '
+            'document_fields d2 LEFT OUTER JOIN conflicts c ON c.doc_id = '
+            'd.doc_id WHERE d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd0.value >= ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd1.value >= ? AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id AND d2.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd2.value >= ? AND d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd0.value <= ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd1.value <= ? AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id AND d2.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd2.value <= ? GROUP BY d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content ORDER BY '
+            'd0.value, d1.value, d2.value;',
+            ['key1', 'a', 'key2', 'b', 'key3', 'c', 'key1', 'p', 'key2', 'q',
+             'key3', 'r'],
+            ["key1", "key2", "key3"], ["a", "b", "c"], ["p", "q", "r"])
+
+    def test__format_range_query_no_start(self):
+        self.assertFormatRangeQueryEquals(
+            'SELECT d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content, count(c.doc_rev) FROM '
+            'document d, document_fields d0, document_fields d1, '
+            'document_fields d2 LEFT OUTER JOIN conflicts c ON c.doc_id = '
+            'd.doc_id WHERE d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd0.value <= ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd1.value <= ? AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id AND d2.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd2.value <= ? GROUP BY d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content ORDER BY '
+            'd0.value, d1.value, d2.value;',
+            ['key1', 'a', 'key2', 'b', 'key3', 'c'],
+            ["key1", "key2", "key3"], None, ["a", "b", "c"])
+
+    def test__format_range_query_no_end(self):
+        self.assertFormatRangeQueryEquals(
+            'SELECT d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content, count(c.doc_rev) FROM '
+            'document d, document_fields d0, document_fields d1, '
+            'document_fields d2 LEFT OUTER JOIN conflicts c ON c.doc_id = '
+            'd.doc_id WHERE d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd0.value >= ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd1.value >= ? AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id AND d2.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd2.value >= ? GROUP BY d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content ORDER BY '
+            'd0.value, d1.value, d2.value;',
+            ['key1', 'a', 'key2', 'b', 'key3', 'c'],
+            ["key1", "key2", "key3"], ["a", "b", "c"], None)
+
+    def test__format_range_query_wildcard(self):
+        self.assertFormatRangeQueryEquals(
+            'SELECT d.doc_id, d.doc_rev, d.content, count(c.doc_rev) FROM '
+            'document d, document_fields d0, document_fields d1, '
+            'document_fields d2 LEFT OUTER JOIN conflicts c ON c.doc_id = '
+            'd.doc_id WHERE d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd0.value >= ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd1.value >= ? AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id AND d2.field_name = ? AND '
+            'd2.value NOT NULL AND d.doc_id = d0.doc_id AND d0.field_name = ? '
+            'AND d0.value <= ? AND d.doc_id = d1.doc_id AND d1.field_name = ? '
+            'AND (d1.value < ? OR d1.value GLOB ?) AND d.doc_id = d2.doc_id '
+            'AND d2.field_name = ? AND d2.value NOT NULL GROUP BY d.doc_id, '
+            'd.doc_rev, d.content ORDER BY d0.value, d1.value, d2.value;',
+            ['key1', 'a', 'key2', 'b', 'key3', 'key1', 'p', 'key2', 'q', 'q*',
+             'key3'],
+            ["key1", "key2", "key3"], ["a", "b*", "*"], ["p", "q*", "*"])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/src/leap/soledad/util.py b/src/leap/soledad/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..41fd4548
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/leap/soledad/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+import os
+import gnupg
+import re
+
+class GPGWrapper():
+    """
+    This is a temporary class for handling GPG requests, and should be
+    replaced by a more general class used throughout the project.
+    """
+
+    GNUPG_HOME    = os.environ['HOME'] + "/.config/leap/gnupg"
+    GNUPG_BINARY  = "/usr/bin/gpg" # this has to be changed based on OS
+
+    def __init__(self, gpghome=GNUPG_HOME, gpgbinary=GNUPG_BINARY):
+        self.gpg = gnupg.GPG(gnupghome=gpghome, gpgbinary=gpgbinary)
+
+    def find_key(self, email):
+        """
+        Find user's key based on their email.
+        """
+        for key in self.gpg.list_keys():
+            for uid in key['uids']:
+                if re.search(email, uid):
+                    return key
+        raise LookupError("GnuPG public key for %s not found!" % email)
+
+    def encrypt(self, data, recipient, sign=None, always_trust=True,
+                passphrase=None, symmetric=False):
+        return self.gpg.encrypt(data, recipient, sign=sign,
+                                always_trust=always_trust,
+                                passphrase=passphrase, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+    def decrypt(self, data, always_trust=True, passphrase=None):
+        result = self.gpg.decrypt(data, always_trust=always_trust,
+                                passphrase=passphrase)
+        return result
+
+    def import_keys(self, data):
+        return self.gpg.import_keys(data)
+
+    def gen_key_input(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.gpg.gen_key_input(**kwargs)
+
+    def gen_key(self, input):
+        return self.gpg.gen_key(input)
+
+
+#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# u1db Transaction and Sync logs.
+#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class SimpleLog(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._log = []
+
+    def _set_log(self, log):
+        self._log = log
+
+    def _get_log(self):
+        return self._log
+
+    log = property(
+        _get_log, _set_log, doc="Log contents.")
+
+    def append(self, msg):
+        self._log.append(msg)
+
+    def reduce(self, func, initializer=None):
+        return reduce(func, self.log, initializer)
+
+    def map(self, func):
+        return map(func, self.log)
+
+    def filter(self, func):
+        return filter(func, self.log)
+
+
+class TransactionLog(SimpleLog):
+    """
+    An ordered list of (generation, doc_id, transaction_id) tuples.
+    """
+
+    def _set_log(self, log):
+        self._log = log
+
+    def _get_log(self):
+        return sorted(self._log, reverse=True)
+
+    log = property(
+        _get_log, _set_log, doc="Log contents.")
+
+    def get_generation(self):
+        """
+        Return the current generation.
+        """
+        gens = self.map(lambda x: x[0])
+        if not gens:
+            return 0
+        return max(gens)
+
+    def get_generation_info(self):
+        """
+        Return the current generation and transaction id.
+        """
+        if not self._log:
+            return(0, '')
+        info = self.map(lambda x: (x[0], x[2]))
+        return reduce(lambda x, y: x if (x[0] > y[0]) else y, info)
+
+    def get_trans_id_for_gen(self, gen):
+        """
+        Get the transaction id corresponding to a particular generation.
+        """
+        log = self.reduce(lambda x, y: y if y[0] == gen else x)
+        if log is None:
+            return None
+        return log[2]
+
+    def whats_changed(self, old_generation):
+        """
+        Return a list of documents that have changed since old_generation.
+        """
+        results = self.filter(lambda x: x[0] > old_generation)
+        seen = set()
+        changes = []
+        newest_trans_id = ''
+        for generation, doc_id, trans_id in results:
+            if doc_id not in seen:
+                changes.append((doc_id, generation, trans_id))
+                seen.add(doc_id)
+        if changes:
+            cur_gen = changes[0][1]  # max generation
+            newest_trans_id = changes[0][2]
+            changes.reverse()
+        else:
+            results = self.log
+            if not results:
+                cur_gen = 0
+                newest_trans_id = ''
+            else:
+                cur_gen, _, newest_trans_id = results[0]
+
+        return cur_gen, newest_trans_id, changes
+        
+
+
+class SyncLog(SimpleLog):
+    """
+    A list of (replica_id, generation, transaction_id) tuples.
+    """
+
+    def find_by_replica_uid(self, replica_uid):
+        if not self.log:
+            return ()
+        return self.reduce(lambda x, y: y if y[0] == replica_uid else x)
+
+    def get_replica_gen_and_trans_id(self, other_replica_uid):
+        """
+        Return the last known generation and transaction id for the other db
+        replica.
+        """
+        info = self.find_by_replica_uid(other_replica_uid)
+        if not info:
+            return (0, '')
+        return (info[1], info[2])
+
+    def set_replica_gen_and_trans_id(self, other_replica_uid,
+                                      other_generation, other_transaction_id):
+        """
+        Set the last-known generation and transaction id for the other
+        database replica.
+        """
+        self.log = self.filter(lambda x: x[0] != other_replica_uid)
+        self.append((other_replica_uid, other_generation,
+                     other_transaction_id))
+